Chapter 4.29
4.29 - Vermicomposting
Isabelle Braam, University of Guelph, Canada
Suggested citation for this chapter.
Braam,I. (2022) Vermicomposting. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org
Introduction
Vermicomposting is a sustainable system that uses earthworms to consume and digest organic waste into a homogenous damp substance known as compost (Lim et al., 2014), and addresses agricultural and environmental challenges (Mokgophi et al., 2020). This technique can potentially solve challenges regarding low soil fertility, specifically in Africa where there is limited access to fertilizers, especially phosphorus and nitrogen (Mokgophi et al., 2020). Due to the limited resources, it seems like vermicomposting would be a feasible approach to improving soil health and increasing agricultural production (Mokgophi et al., 2020). The proper disposal of organic waste is a major concern in many developing countries where agriculture is crucial to the economy (Ferronato & Torretta, 2019). Throughout this essay, information on how to build a vermicomposting system as well as helpful links and resources, the nutrient profile, and economical benefits will be given. On the contrary, a critical analysis will also be done.
How to Start a Vermicomposting System
Vermicomposting is a rewarding enterprise to initiate. In order to create a successful vermicomposting system, it requires materials that will ensure the survival of the worms, which will later promote the healthiness of the soil. First, a bin, container, or a worm bag intended for this use will need to be purchased (see Figure 1) (Churchill, 2023).
The bedding for the worms consists of materials such as paper, cardboard and even animal manure which should be added into the soil. The bedding should be moist prior to adding the worms, to ensure their survival. Adding old fruits and vegetable peels to the soil is great for vermicomposting and introduces nutrients while also serving as food for the worms. The next step would be to add the worms; the most common worms used for this purpose are earthworms as well as red wigglers and nightcrawlers. Feeding the worms is crucial once the vermicomposting system is started. The frequency of feeding can range from a few days to weeks, depending on the rate of decomposition and density of worms within the system (Churchill, 2023). By adhering to these guidelines, the vermicomposting system should thrive, generating nutrient rich compost while reducing organic waste.
Nutrient Profile and Environmental Benefits
Vermicomposting has been known for its environmental friendliness, and produces an exceptional nutritional profile. As these organisms work to consume and digest organic waste, the process of nutrient mineralization begins. This starts with nitrogen and progresses to phosphorus and sulphur after digestion (Vermicasting, 2022). An analysis of vermicompost showed that the nitrogen levels ranged from 1.5% to 2.5% phosphorus levels from 1.25% to 2.25% P2O5, potassium levels from 1% to 2% K2O, as well as the moisture content being 75%-80% (Vermicasting, 2022). In particular, the slow-release granular structure of earthworm castings promotes nutrient releases that align with plant requirements for long-term development and health (Vermicasting, 2022). Along with having a great nutrient profile, vermicomposting offers substantial benefits to the environment. Throughout the world there is an increasingly large amount of waste, resulting in the use of landfills, incineration and ecologically damaging dumping (Hajam et al., 2023). In contrast to these disposal methods, vermicomposting does not have the same negative impacts on the environment, but instead creates a relationship between organic waste and worms which results in nutritional and organic compost (Hajam et al., 2023). Ultimately, vermicomposting promotes healthy ecosystems and solves the issues associated with waste management and disposal.
Economic Benefits
For business owners and farmers seeking to create and distribute natural and organic fertilizers, vermicomposting offers the potential to do so (Kavitha, 2022). In India, there are many people who use vermicomposting as a way to earn income, by producing and selling the compost; “Moreover, it has emerged as an enterprise among farmers and small-scale entrepreneurs in villages and rural India.” (Kavitha, 2022) (see Figure 1). Another economical benefit that vermicomposting also provides is the option for farmers who cannot afford the high prices of chemical fertilizers.
Critical Analysis
As mentioned above, there are many advantages to vermicomposting such as environmental and economic. However, there are many disadvantages and other challenges that can arise with vermicomposting. Firstly, the process of vermicomposting requires very specific environmental factors, such as temperature, moisture and pH balance which must be checked regularly (Churchill, 2023). This can be quite challenging for farmers or anyone who is trying to create their own vermicompost for the first time, specifically in areas that have extreme weather conditions. When working with animals, there is always the potential for bad smells to develop, especially with improper care (Stross, 2023). Along with unpleasant odours, the system can attract insects like flies and mites. This does not always pose an issue for farmers who vermicompost, but when excessive amounts of these insects appear, they become pests. Although these issues are solvable and preventable, they can still become issues in the future if scraps of food and the contents of the vermicompost bin are too moist. Another factor that can deter individuals from partaking in this practice, is that many individuals find it can be repulsive to work with worms. A teacher who implemented a vermicomposting system within her classroom, revealed that many of her students believe that worms are disgusting (Cloues, 2022). Despite problems and worries about odours and pests, there are significant environmental and economic benefits. It decreases organic waste and creates nutritious compost that improves soil health. Educating individuals about vermicomposting can promote increased numbers of vermicomposting systems on small scale farms.
Conclusion
In conclusion, vermicomposting is a sustainable and effective solution that addresses agricultural and environmental challenges, particularly in areas that have limited access to traditional fertilizers. Worms provide the ability to consume organic waste into nutrient full compost, which enhances the fertility and health of the soil. A vermicompost has a balanced nutritional profile that promotes and supports plant growth. This composting system contains the ideal amount of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium, and is a natural source of nutrients that are essential for a crop’s long-term health. Farmers who have limited finances can lessen their dependence on expensive chemical fertilizers through the implementation of vermicomposting. In addition, vermicomposting provides a sustainable alternative to traditional waste disposal processes like landfills and roadside dumping, which increase pollution, by turning organic waste into a useful resource. Vermicomposting aids in decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and the detrimental effects of waste disposal on ecosystems and human health by keeping organic waste out of landfills. Economically speaking, vermicomposting offers chances for businesses to thrive and agricultural costs to be reduced. By creating and selling vermicompost, small scale business owners and farmers are able to earn an income. Therefore, vermicomposting can contribute to building a greener and more sustainable future.
Practical Links & Resources to get Started
https://urbanwormcompany.com/how-to-start-worm-bin/ Provides a step by step guide on how to start a vermicomposting system.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8miLevRI_o Video on vermicomposting (kid friendly).
https://youtu.be/AF-jzWKMdwE?si=XwN6dDSUh2_TYG0b Video provides personal experience with vermicomposting.
https://www.ontario.ca/page/vermicasting-or-vermicomposting#:~:text=Conclusion-,Introduction,much%20different%20from%20traditional%20composting. Information from the government on the process of vermicomposting.
https://rodaleinstitute.org/science/articles/vermicomposting-for-beginners/ Specifically for beginners.
Figure 2. Infographic about how to vermicompost. https://www.dreamstime.com/illustration/vermicomposting.html
References
1.Churchill, S. (2023, September 26). How to start a worm bin the right way: Vermicomposting 101. Urban Worm Company. https://urbanwormcompany.com/how-to-start-worm-bin/
2.Cloues, R. (2022, November 17). Yuck! worms are disgusting! - Rethinking schools. Rethinking Schools. https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/yuck-worms-are-disgusting/
3.Ferronato, N., & Torretta, V. (2019). Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A review of global issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060
4.Hajam, Y. A., Kumar, R., & Kumar, A. (2023). Environmental Waste Management Strategies and Vermi Transformation for Sustainable Development. Environmental Challenges, 13, 100747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100747
5.Kavitha, P. (2023). Vermicomposting: A Leading Feasible Entrepreneurship. In: Amaresan, N., Dharumadurai, D., Babalola, O.O. (eds) Agricultural Microbiology Based Entrepreneurship. Microorganisms for Sustainability, vol 39. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5747-5_18
6.Mokgophi, M. M., Manyevere, A., Ayisi, K. K., & Munjonji, L. (2020). Characterisation of Chamaecytisus tagasaste, Moringa oleifera and Vachellia karroo Vermicomposts and Their Potential to Improve Soil Fertility. Sustainability 12(22), 9305. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229305
7.Vermicasting (or vermicomposting). (2022, February 22). Government of Ontario. Retrieved March 19, 2024, from https://www.ontario.ca/page/vermicasting-or-vermicomposting