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  <div class="title"><h1>4.18 - Split application of synthetic fertilizer**</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jason Huitema, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
  <div class="title"><h1>4.18 - Split application of synthetic fertilizer**</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">
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<p><i><b>COMING SOON</b></i></p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>
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          <p>Plants need 13 different nutrients to grow which can be purchased as commercial fertilizers, of which the macronutrients include Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) (Gach, 2012). Typically, commercial fertilizer is added as a single dose before planting or at the seedling stage, when the plant does not have the demand or root capacity to absorb the fertilizer – as a result, it is leached, especially on sandier soils during rainfall (Soil Texture and Soil Structure, n.d). In general, the demand for fertilizer increases as the crop ages, becomes larger and produces seeds (Butzen, n.d.). For example in corn (maize), 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer demand occurs when the seeds (kernels) form (Butzen, n.d.). Another important factor affecting leaching is whether the nutrients are mobile or immobile. Mobile nutrients are more likely to leach like a nitrite, but phosphorus on the other hand is less likely to leach because it is very immobile (Dr. Al Ludwick, 1998).  This is because of the charge of the nutrients, since soil is negatively charged positively charged nutrients tend to stay put and negative charged nutrients like nitrate, boron and sulphur tend to leach more (Nutrient Management, n.d.). Leaching reduces farmer profits and pollutes the environment.  Subsistence farmers in particular, many of whom cannot afford commercial fertilizers, apply small amounts, and are vulnerable to the effects of leaching . A way to prevent the negatives of fertilizer is to split the application across different times during the growing season.</p>
 
          <p>Rubber and cloth are the two main kinds of gloves produced (Melco, 2016). They both have their own benefits and drawbacks respectively. A benefit from rubber gloves is their ability to resist water from coming in contact with a farmer's skin, see part two, (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). While cloth gloves can be beneficial because they can draw moisture away from their hands and can be easily washed to be cleaned. Because rubber gloves are usually meant to be disposed of after single use they tend to be cheaper to make and thus cheaper to buy. Yet some rubber gloves can be made thicker to reuse and are slightly more durable (Melco, 2016). Cloth gloves are designed to be washed after being used and last a long time under normal working conditions.</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Typical Fertilizer Application Practices</h3>
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          <p>Application of fertilizers can be performed in many ways, of which most common is spreading or broadcasting fertilizer over the top of the soil early in the growing season, but can result in leaching (Microdosing , n.d.). After spreading it is common to incorporate the fertilizer into the soil to help prevent loss and to make it closer to the crop roots.  Also, other applications can consist of applying the fertilizer beside or in the row of the seeds, a method called fertilizer banding (Rehm, 2002). This method works well for fertilizers that are less mobile and it brings the nutrients to the developing roots. Another method used by wealthier farmers is in season side dress or y-drop. Side dressing places the fertilizer right in with the plants at the roots using a disk that runs beside the plant (The Agronomy Guide, 2015). Y-dropping uses liquid fertilizer and involves running hoses from a high clearance sprayer in between the rows, dripping nitrogen right beside the plant (The Agronomy Guide, 2015). These methods are very good for splitting up fertilizer applications but are very expensive. For small scale farmers, they could try microdosing wherein a small dose of fertilizer is added at the base of each seedling using a bottle cap, which makes it very labor extensive (Microdosing , n.d.).</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Typical Fertilizer Application Practices</h3>
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          <p>When working with smooth items such as hoes and some fruits and vegetables they can be slippery (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). A way to help farmer's hold on to the tools is to get gloves with grips (Melco, 2016). Both rubber and cloth gloves can have grips. Rubber gloves will have ridges in the molds to form grips and granular materials can be added to the outside before drying (Melco, 2016). Another option is to make the rubber gloves out of a non-slip rubber (Melco, 2016). Because cloth alone does not provide grip, cloth gloves must be dipped in liquid rubber to be able to grip smooth objects. The rubber used for grips on cloth gloves can either be non-slip smooth rubber or be rigid (Melco, 2016). </p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Split application</h3>
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          <p>Split application is taking the total fertilizer intended for addition to a field and dividing it up into separate applications. The split application is important for mobile nutrients. Application of less mobile nutrients like phosphorus and potassium cannot be expected to have the same effect as application close to the seed row at seeding. Split application works best for nitrogen and sulfur mid-season. It is also very important that fertilizer is applied before it is expected to rain. The nitrogen will flow with the water into the soil towards the roots but one must be careful because a large rain event can wash away the nutrients away and cause leaching. Split application is preferred because of nutrient leaching if considerable rain or a warmer winter occurs. The best option would be applying some fertilizer at planting time and right beside the plant in the spring. Then later in the season, one could apply the remaining nutrients required. This can be done in several passes. For farmers with the use of equipment they could split nitrogen application by side dressing. This is a common practice in growing corn. Another option would be to attach y-drops on a sprayer to apply liquid nitrogen in corn just before tasseling which is just before the point that the crop needs it the most. The costs of using this equipment is very high but there is increased yield and there is much less leaching. For subsistence farmers, the practice of split application would be as simple as taking the time to walk through the field and apply fertilizer when the crop is growing. </p>
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      <h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Pre-plant (single dose) vs. split application:</h3>
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          <p>Experiments comparing spring pre-plant nitrogen with split Nitrogen application for corn were conducted at 32 sites in southern Minnesota from 1989 to 1992  (Schmit & Randall, 2007). The yield differences are shown in Table 1. In a total of 88% corn had a higher yield because of the application of nitrogen. Split application was better compared to pre-plant. In these cases, excessive rainfall in the growing season and sandy soils had negative impacts on yield. This result shows that split application works different in different soil types. In sandy soils, there are larger particle sizes allowing water to move through making it easier for nutrients to leach. Clay soils hold more nutrients and water preventing leaching (Soil Texture and Soil Structure, n.d.). For slopes and hills there would be a similar effect: nitrogen applied at the top of the hill would run off from the top of the hill to the bottom (Soil Texture and Soil Structure, n.d.).</p>
<p>Therefore, it would be a good idea to split the applications so that nitrogen is not being lost at the top of the hill throughout the growing season. In another study done at Penn State University, researchers applied all the nitrogen in the first trial and then they split up the nitrogen application in the second trial. The results were that the plants all absorbed nitrogen the same rate no matter how much was available to them (see Table 3). Another study performed at Penn State showed that when incorporating and splitting the nitrogen, there were higher yields (See Table 4).
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Environmental impact</h3>
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  <p>The environment is affected greatly by nitrogen application: NO3 is very soluble in water and has been linked to blue baby syndrome. The disorder has been reported to be caused by pregnant women and infants ingesting nitrogen preventing the blood in the baby to carry enough oxygen through the body. Splitting the nitrogen application help with groundwater contamination (Oram, 2014).  </p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Fertilizer Burn</h3>
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          <p>Fertilizer burn is a problem with plants it causes the leaves to fade and turn brown. It is caused by nutrient excess and is from excusive fertilizer. It is important to make sure that the fertilizer does not get onto the leaves or the plant above the ground. (Fertilizer Burn). </p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Alternative </h3>
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          <p>Controlled-release nitrogen or slow release nitrogen are alternatives for splitting application of nitrogen. This fertilizer is coated with compounds that makes it release slower than normal (Fertilizers – Quick-Release and Slow-Release Nitrogen, n.d.). Controlled-release N fertilizers can reduce these losses by delaying the initial release of N and providing it gradually to better match its availability with crop uptake needs. Controlled-release products may be most useful for high-value crops, environmentally sensitive areas, fields highly susceptible to N losses or with limited opportunities for repeat applications, contest plots, and foliar applications. (Fertilizers – Quick-Release and Slow-Release Nitrogen, n.d.). The slow release nitrogen is a good alternative however it is more expensive and less accessible.</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Additional Resources </h3>
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          <p>For a good resource on different crops fertilizer needs and how to go to https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/north-carolina-agricultural-chemicals-manual/fertilizer-use.</p> 
<p>For agricultural fertilizers and equipment go to https://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=fertilizer
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      <h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>
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          <p>1.Amarnath B.H., A. C. (2015). Effect of priming with botanicals and animal waste on germination and seedling vigour in sorghum (Sorghum bocolor L.) seeds. Pelagia Research Library , 73-77.</p>
<p>2.Battani, A. (n.d.). Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizers. Retrieved from Pioneer: https://www.pioneer.com/home/site/us/agronomy/library/controlled-release-n-fertilizers/.</p>
<p>3.Butzen, S. (n.d.). Nitrogen Application Timing in Corn Production. Retrieved october 3, 2016, from Pioneer : https://www.pioneer.com/home/site/us/agronomy/library/nitrogen-application-timing/.</p>
<p>4.Dr. Al Ludwick. (1998). Phosphorus Mobility in Perspective. Retrieved from Potash & Phosphate Institute : http://www.ipni.net/ppiweb/ppinews.nsf/0/FF5C6A5F8AC7431C8525691B0066A943/$FILE/98175-AEL%20P-mobility.pdf.</p>
<p>5.Ecosan Waterless Toilet System. (n.d.). Retrieved from Waterless dry flush toilet system by Ecosan : http://www.ecosan.co.za/
Environmental Benefits of Using Fertilizers. (n.d.). Retrieved from Agro Services International: http://www.agroservicesinternational.com/Environment/Benefits.html.</p>
<p>6.Fernandez, F. (2015, 04 24). 3 Tips for sidedressing nitrogen on your corn crop. Retrieved 10 03, 2016, from Corn and Soybean Digest .</p>
<p>7.Fertilizer Burn. (n.d.). Retrieved from Orgaon State University: http://pubs.extension.oregonstate.edu/pnw659/damage/fertilizer-burn.</p>
<p>8.Fertilizers – Quick-Release and Slow-Release Nitrogen. (n.d.). Retrieved from The Lawn Institute: http://www.thelawninstitute.org/pages/education/lawn-maintenance/fertilizers-quickrelease-and-slowrelease-nitrogen-whats-the-difference/.</p>
<p>9.Gach, J. (2012). Synthetic vs. Organic Fertilizers. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from enviro in genuity: http://www.enviroingenuity.com/articles/synthetic-vs-organic-fertilizers.html.</p>
<p>10.Javid Nawaz, M. H. (2013). Seed Priming A Technique. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. , 1373-1381.</p>
<p>11.Karthikeyan C, D. V. (2006). Cow based Indigenous Technologies in dry farming. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge , 47-50.</p>
<p>12.Kumar, M. (2014). Influence of Seed Priming with Urine, Phosphorus and Zinc on Maize (Zea. Indian Journal of Hill Farming , 132-137.</p>
<p>13.McMcKague, K., Reid, K., & Simpson, H. (05, 11). Environmental Impacts of Nitrogen Use in Agriculture. Retrieved october 3, 2016, from Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/05-073.htm.</p>
<p>14.Microdosing . (n.d.). Retrieved from Agriculture for Impact: http://ag4impact.org/sid/ecological-intensification/precision-agriculture/microdosing/</p>
<p>16.Moldenhauer, W. C., Hudson, N. W., & Editors. (1988). Concervation Farming on Steep Lands . Ankeny, Iowa, USA: Soil and Water Concervation Society.</p>
<p>17.Morgan, P. (2004). An ecological approach to sanitation in Africa - compilation of experiences. Stockholm: EcoSanRes, Stockholm environment institute.</p>
<p>18.Nutrient Management. (n.d.). Retrieved from Cornell University: https://nrcca.cals.cornell.edu/soilFertilityCA/CA1/CA1_print.html</p>
<p>19.Oram, B. (2014). Nitrates and Nitrites in Drinking Water and Surfacewaters. Retrieved 10 03, 2016, from Water Reserch Center: http://www.water-research.net/index.php/nitrate</p>
<p>20.Peace Corps Mali. (2009). Urine Fertilizer Info Sheet. Michigan: Michigan Tech University.</p>
<p>21.Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudarmo, P., Sinclair, K., Kurz, D., McNair, M., et al. (1995). Environemental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Concervation Benefits. Science, New Series , 267 (5201), 1117-1123.</p>
<p>22.PS Mehta, K. N. (2009). Indigenous methods of seed conservation and protection in Uttarakhand Himalaya. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge , 279-282.</p>
<p>23.Rehm, G. (2002). Use of Banded Fertilizer for Corn Production. Retrieved from University of Minnesota: http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/nutrient-management/fertilizer-management/use-of-banded-fertilizer-for-corn-production/.</p>
<p>24.Schmit, M., & Randall, G. (2007). Strategies For Split Nitrogen Applications. Retrieved from fluid fertilizer.: http://www.fluidfertilizer.com/pastart/pdf/56P20-23.pdf.</p>
<p>25.Soil Texture and Soil Structure. (n.d.). Retrieved from University of Hawai‘i: http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/a_factor_ts.aspx.</p>
<p>26.The Agronomy Guide. (2015). Retrieved from Pennstate University : http://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec4/sec44d.</p>
<p>27.World Bank. (2012, May 17). India: Issues and Priorities for Agriculture. Retrieved from World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/05/17/india-agriculture-issues-priorities.</p>
<p>28.World Bank. (2016, February 10). West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program. Retrieved from World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/the-west-africa-agricultural-productivity-program.</p>
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Latest revision as of 17:11, 12 July 2022

4.18 - Split application of synthetic fertilizer**


COMING SOON

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