Chapters 8.42: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:25, 7 July 2022

8.42-Value Addition of Sesame Seeds

Kate DeBaets, University of Guelph, Canada

Suggested citation for this chapter.

Roberts,A. (2022) Value Addition of Sesame Seeds,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org

Introduction

Sesame seeds have been a staple crop for many smallholder farmers in the Global South in southern latitudes (Ram et al., 1990). It is recognized as an important oil seed crop and is widely used as a spice (Ram et al., 1990). Mediterranean countries including in the Middle East rely heavily on nuts and seeds to fulfill their daily diets Sesame seeds contain sesaolin and sesamin which have been shown to lower cholesterol and help overall heart health (Singh et al., 2016). Sesame seeds are an important cash crop for many smallholder farmers who live in countries that are facing severe droughts as a result of climate change. Sesame seeds are extremely drought tolerant which makes them a reliable income and nutrient source during times of unpredicted drought (Boureima, et al., 2016). The objective of this chapter is to inform readers on different value addition methods for sesame seeds to assist smallholder farmers.

Sesame Oil

Sesame oil is important in both the Global South and the Global North, as it is composed of essential nutrients and minerals. In the Global South HIV/AIDS is an ongoing health issue that affects millions. When living with HIV/AIDS it is important to maintain a diet of high fatty foods such as oil seeds (Lieberum, 2002). An easy way to ensure the body is getting enough fatty acids is to incorporate sesame into the diet by cooking with sesame oil (Lieberum, 2002). . Sesame oil is a value addition product that is easily attainable by smallholder farmers in the developing world. Selling sesame oil rather than raw sesame seeds can increase profits for smallholder farmers. In order to make sesame oil there are three major steps involved; dehulling, breaking, and cooking (Axtell, 1992). Dehulling can also be referred to as decortication which involves peeling the seeds of their outer coating. The breaking of the seeds is the second step and it can be done two different ways. The first way is hot water floatation which is the simplest yet most inefficient method. In this method the seeds are placed in a pot of boiling water and are left to simmer for several hours. Once the pot is taken off the fire the contents are left to sit and cool and the oil will float to the surface and can then be skimmed off. As this method has a lower extraction efficiency, salt is sometimes used to help break oil-water emulsions. A more efficient method involves using a ghani which is “a large pestle and mortar system” (Axtell, 1992), In many developing countries, smallholder farmers use traditional animal powered ghanis. The mortar is firmly in place to the ground and the pestle rotates. As the pestle rotates oil is extracted because of a friction and pressure relationship. The oil is released through a small aperture that is located at the base of the mortar. Through this method approximately 40 kg of material can be produced per day. In order to maximize extraction, rural smallholder farmers should consider using the second method to extract sesame oil as it results in a greater yield of oil. Finally, the cooking of the oil can be completed. Cooking the extracted oil is essential as it helps to eliminate any excess water traces (Axtell, 1992). This can be done using a shallow pot either on a stove top or over an open fire.

The target market of sesame oil produced by smallholder farmers should be locals. When using the methods above, the oil will not be to the same standard as Westerns are accustomed to and will have a different taste than the oils bought at urban grocery stores. In order to reach the target market of locals, producers should sell the oil at local roadside stands or to local restaurants and markets.

Tahini

Tahini is a popular staple food in the Middle East and is made from dehulled sesame seeds (Bennett, 1993). It takes the form of a paste and can be eaten on its own as a dip or can be combined with other ingredients to make different traditional recipes, such as halva or hummus (Bennett, 1993). The packaging and storage of tahini is crucial in order to limit the risks of Salmonella surviving (Torlak et al., 2013). It has been proven that Salmonella can survive in tahini for extended amounts of time (Torlak et al., 2013). In order to limit this as much as possible, tahini should be kept at a temperature of 21 degrees Celsius (Torlak et al., 2013).

The first step to making tahini requires the toasting of the sesame seeds (Killebrew, 2018). This can be done on a pan over medium heat. If a stove is not accessible this step can be done over an open fire. After the seeds are roasted, they are added to a food processor with cooking oil and pureed. Oil can be added until the desired consistency is reached. Once the puree is at the desired consistency, portion the mixture into containers that are airtight. The tahini must then be refrigerated and can last for several months (Killebrew, 2018). The main cost of making tahini is purchasing a food processor and containers to package the tahini in. Mason jars can be used to package the puree as they airtight sealing and are a cost-effective option. The ideal target market for tahini should be urban grocery stores to compete against more expensive, international imports (Alibaba, 2015).

To further increase the profit of smallholder farmers, they should consider using the prepared tahini to make hummus to create a greater value-added food product. The FAO did a report in 2016 related to simple recipes for community members in food scarce developing countries. In the report they provided a simple recipe for hummus that is a feasible option for smallholder farmers as it is low cost and simple to make. Hummus is a staple food in the Middle East as it provides essential nutrients from both chickpeas and sesame seeds (FAO, 2016). In order to make the recipe, a food processor and mortar and pestle are required (FAO, 2016). Both of these items can be bought for 30 US dollars or under on Alibaba.com. The recipe according to the FAO is as follows:

1. If using dried chickpeas, to cook them:soak the dried chickpeas in warm water for 12 hours with ⅓ teaspoon of baking soda (ideally leave them soaking overnight). Rinse them well and drain. Bring water to a boil in a cooking pot and when the water is boiling add the chickpeas and leave them cooking over low heat for approximately 2 hours until tender. Remove them from the heat, drain and leave them to cool. Reserve the cooking water (FAO, 2016).

2. Puree the cooked chickpeas in a food processor or in a mortar and pestle, adding approximately 50 ml (3 tablespoons) of the cooking liquid (FAO, 2016).

3. Mix the peeled and crushed garlic cloves, the salt and the cumin in a mortar and pestle until a paste is created. Add the tahini and the lemon juice (FAO, 2016).

4. Add this paste to the mashed chickpeas mixture and use the food processor to blend it into a creamy puree (FAO, 2016). A cost-effective way to package the hummus is by using mason jars. Mason jars ensure the product is well sealed and they can be refrigerated or frozen easily. The cost of mason jars is around $0.42-$0.45 a jar but there is a minimum requirement of 5000 pieces (Alibaba- Salad Glass Embossed Logo Mason Jar, n.d.). Labels for the jars can be purchased through Alibaba.com. Alibaba offers custom labels, allowing the producer to design them as they wish. It is advised that the producer uses bright colors to design the label as it is more likely to catch the consumer’s eye. The labels are stick on and can be bought for as cheap as $2.50 a roll (Alibaba, 2018).

Peeled (Dehulled) Sesame Seeds

Sesame seeds can be dehulled either chemically or physically. Chemically dehulling the seeds involves soaking the seeds in alkaline solution in order to neutralize (Takenaka, Ogata, Yabe, Yamauchi, & Kato, 2006). The shell will then come off but the seed will lose nutritional value and will become tasteless (Takenaka et al., 2006). Physically dehulling the seeds involves stirring the seeds together with a small amount of water (Takenaka et al., 2006). Natural friction results in the peeling of the seeds (Takenaka et al., 2006). Physically dehulling the seeds is the more cost-effective option because chemicals do not have to be bought. Dehulling sesame seeds requires large amounts of labour, as they have to be harvested and hulled. However, this value addition method is advisable, because in the long run the profit will be greater (Gelalcha, 2009).

With the dehulled sesame seeds, smallholder farmers can make enriched cassava wafers. Cassava wafers are easy to make as they only require cassava flour, sesame seeds, sugar and a pinch of salt (Recipe Book- Health, Knowledge and Flavours, 2018). This is a beneficial recipe as both cassava and sesame seeds offer different nutritional values. Cassava is rich in starch, calcium, phosphorous and vitamins C and A (Montagnac, Davis, & Tanumihardjo, 2009). Sesame seeds are rich in vitamin B1, protein, iron, magnesium calcium, zinc and provide an excellent energy source (Pathak, N., Rai, A. K., Kumari, R., Bhat, K. V, 2014). Cassava wafers are an essential staple recipe in Haiti (Recipe Book- Health, Knowledge and Flavours, 2018). They are relatively easy to make and if the smallholder farmer is growing both cassava and sesame seeds, this recipe is relatively low cost as they can make their own cassava flour. To make the cassava wafer, mix the cassava flour with a pinch of salt, 400 g of sesame seeds, and 450 g of sugar (Recipe Book- Health, Knowledge and Flavours, 2018). Once the mixture is made place it on a hot griddle and cook until golden brown (Recipe Book- Health, Knowledge and Flavours, 2018). The only money that would need to be spent is on cooking equipment like a pan to cook the wafer in and either a stove or open fire can be used for a heat source. The target market for cassava wafers should be locals, and this target can be reached through the use of roadside stands.

Helpful hints and practical tips to get started

Links to cooking equipment:

Air Forced Ovens. (2018). Retrieved November 07, 2018, from https://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&fsb=y&SearchText=air forced oven Cheap Price Electric Forced Air Circulation 300c High Temp Industrial Oven - Buy Industrial Oven Price,300c High Temp Industrial Oven,Forced Air Circulation Oven Product on Alibaba.com. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2018, from

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Cheap-price-electric-forced-air-circulation_60710227574.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.11.19ba21a9TsPb8N&s=p 500ml Salad Glass Embossed Logo Mason Jar - Buy Mason Jar With Metal Cap,Glass Mason Jar,Glass Jar With Custom Logo Product on Alibaba.com. (2018). Retrieved November 12, 2018, from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/500ml-Salad-Glass-Embossed-Logo-Mason_60711563554.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normalList.70.75291c95vs0hTo

Factory Custom Printed Adhesive Product Labels Sicker - Buy Custom Printed Product Labels Sicker,Adhesive Product Labels Sicker,Product Labels Sicker Product on Alibaba.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Factory-custom-printed-adhesive-product-labels_60716916291.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.62.7cb94ef0BQHcl2&s=p

Links to Recipes:

Tahini: https://www.daringgourmet.com/how-to-make-homemade-tahini-paste/

Hummus: http://www.fao.org/3/a-bc927e.pdf

Cassava Waffers: http://www.fao.org/3/i8269en/I8269EN.pdf

References

1. Ababa, A. (2015). Sesame Value Chain Development Strategy ( Working Document 2015-2019 ). Retrieved from https://www.agriknowledge.org/downloads/6h440s47v

2. Bennett, M. (1993). Sesame seed, in A Handbook for Farmers and Investors. p361–368. Retrieved from https://www.agmrc.org/media/cms/sesame_38F4324EE52CB.pdf

3. Boureima, S., Diouf, M., Amoukou, A.I. and Damme, V.P., Screening for sources of tolerance to drought in sesame induced mutants: Assessment of indirect selection criteria for seed yield , Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4(1): 45-60 (2016). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2218

4. FAO. (2016). International Year of Pulses- Hummus, 10. FAO, Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-bc927e.pdf

5. Gelalcha, S. D. (2009). Sesame trade arrangements , costs and risks in Ethiopia: A Baseline Survey. Wageningen University, Netherlands. Retrieved from https://www.wur.nl/upload_mm/9/a/9/59d09a46-b629-4014-b2bd-adf765894adc_Report2Gelalcha170610.pdf

6. Killebrew, K. (2018, May 05). BEST Easy Homemade Tahini Paste. Retrieved November 12, 2018, from a. https://www.daringgourmet.com/how-to-make-homemade-tahini-paste/

7. Lieberum, M. (2002). Special eating needs for people living with HIV/AIDS. In Living Well with HIV/AIDS. FAO, Rome. Retrieved November 13, 2018, from a. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4168E/y4168e06.htm

8. Axtell, B.J. (1992) Minor Oil Crops- Principles of Extraction. FAO AGRICULTURAL SERVICES BULLETIN No. 94. FAO, Rome. Retrieved November 07, 2018, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E00.htm#Contents

9. Montagnac, J. A., Davis, C. R., & Tanumihardjo, S. A. (2009). Nutritional Value of Cassava for Use as a Staple Food and Recent Advances for Improvement, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 8, 187-188. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00077.x

10. Pathak, N., Rai, A. K., Kumari, R., & Bhat, K. V. (2014). Value addition in sesame: A perspective on bioactive components for enhancing utility and profitability. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 8(16), 147-55. Retrieved from a. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127822/

11. FAO (2018). Recipe Book- Health, Knowledge and Flavours.. FAO, Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/i8269en/I8269EN.pdf

12. Ram, R., D. Catlin, J. Romero, and C. Cowley. 1990. Sesame: New approaches for crop improvement. p. 225-228. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), Advances in New Crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR. Retrieved November 13, 2018, from a. https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-225.html

13. Singh, J., Kunwar, N., & Tripathi, S. (2016). Benefits add Nutritive Value of Sesame Seed. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 7, 13245–13247. Retrieved from a. https://recentscientific.com/sites/default/files/6006.pdf

14. Takenaka, N., Ogata, K., Yabe, T., Yamauchi, R., & Kato, K. (2006). Effect of oil and sugar 16. contents on the surface of dehulled-roasted sesame seeds on adhesion between the seeds. Journal of Food Science, 71(6): E303 - E307. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00104.x

15. Torlak, E., Sert, D., & Serin, P. (2013). Fate of Salmonella during sesame seeds roasting and storage of tahini. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 163(2–3), 214–217. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.010

16. Yaacoub, R., Saliba, R., Nsouli, B., Khalaf, G., & Birlouez-Aragon, I. (2008). Formation of lipid oxidation and isomerization products during processing of nuts and sesame seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(16), 7082–7090. Retreieved from https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800808d

17. 500ml Salad Glass Embossed Logo Mason Jar - Buy Mason Jar With Metal Cap,Glass Mason Jar,Glass Jar With Custom Logo Product on Alibaba.com. (2018). Retrieved November 12, 2018, from a. https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/500ml-Salad-Glass-Embossed-Logo-Mason_60711563554.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normalList.70.75291c95vs0hTo

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <div>
-  <div class="title"><h3>8.42-Sweet Potato Value Addition</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Alex Roberts, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>
+  <div class="title"><h3>8.42-Value Addition of Sesame Seeds</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Kate DeBaets, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>
 <div class="hero-img-2">
 [[File:4.jpg|300px]]
 <p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
-<p>Roberts,A. (2022) Sweet Potato Value Addition,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
+<p>Roberts,A. (2022) Value Addition of Sesame Seeds,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
         <h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>
          <div class="cont-bg">
-           <P>Sweet potato is a widely grown root crop ( Business Diary, 2017); its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots compose a nutritious vegetable. The young leaves and shoots are sometimes eaten as greens (ActionAid, 2015). Over 95% of the global sweet potato crop is produced in developing countries. More than 130 million tons are produced per year, with China producing about 80% of it (ActionAid, 2015). Sweet potato is rich in carbohydrates, phosphorus, and an excellent source of Vitamins A, B and C (Business Diary, 2017). It is known to lower cholesterol with curative effects for constipation and stomach stress. Value addition from sweet potatoes has become an increasing topic in the food world today as it has endless uses and all of the plant can be used as food for humans or feed for livestock (Business Diary, 2017). Sweet potatoes are widely becoming a novel root vegetable for functional foods, as it is nutritious and widely accessible (Sweet Potato Knowledge Portal, 2018). Functional foods are described as foods that contribute to an overall healthy body (Sweet Potato Knowledge Portal, 2018).</p>
+           <P>Sesame seeds have been a staple crop for many smallholder farmers in the Global South in southern latitudes (Ram et al., 1990). It is recognized as an important oil seed crop and is widely used as a spice (Ram et al., 1990). Mediterranean countries including in the Middle East rely heavily on nuts and seeds to fulfill their daily diets Sesame seeds contain sesaolin and sesamin which have been shown to lower cholesterol and help overall heart health (Singh et al., 2016). Sesame seeds are an important cash crop for many smallholder farmers who live in countries that are facing severe droughts as a result of climate change. Sesame seeds are extremely drought tolerant which makes them a reliable income and nutrient source during times of unpredicted drought (Boureima, et al., 2016). The objective of this chapter is to inform readers on different value addition methods for sesame seeds to assist smallholder farmers.</p>
 </div>
     </div>
   <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
-        <h3 class="title-bg">Wrapping</h3>
+        <h3 class="title-bg">Sesame Oil </h3>
          <div class="cont-bg">
-<p>The simplest value addition ideas would be to wrap sweet potatoes in newspaper in order to limit their exposure to light. Light can accelerate the autooxidation of fats and oils. This is imperative to increase shelf life, as well it can be more attractive to buyers; this can be advertised as offering a longer shelf life then other competitors (FoodSafetySite, 2012). Not wrapping each in their own individual package can lead to mold and harmful bacteria that can age sweet potatoes (FoodSafetySite, 2012).  And wrapping each in an individual package would prevent pathogen cross-contamination (Lerner, B. Rosie, 2018). This process can be done extremely fast by hand and would result in a prolonged shelf life. Wrapping may be more expensive and time consuming, however, buying used newspaper or books can be inexpensive. Recycling can also lead to a cleaner environment; this can benefit smallholder farmers who sell what they produce (Knott, S., 2018). However, there is insufficient data on the price difference for wrapped compared to unwrapped sweet potatoes.</p>
+<p>Sesame oil is important in both the Global South and the Global North, as it is composed of essential nutrients and minerals. In the Global South HIV/AIDS is an ongoing health issue that affects millions. When living with HIV/AIDS it is important to maintain a diet of high fatty foods such as oil seeds (Lieberum, 2002).  An easy way to ensure the body is getting enough fatty acids is to incorporate sesame into the diet by cooking with sesame oil (Lieberum, 2002).  .
+Sesame oil is a value addition product that is easily attainable by smallholder farmers in the developing world. Selling sesame oil rather than raw sesame seeds can increase profits for smallholder farmers. In order to make sesame oil there are three major steps involved; dehulling, breaking, and cooking (Axtell, 1992). Dehulling can also be referred to as decortication which involves peeling the seeds of their outer coating. The breaking of the seeds is the second step and it can be done two different ways. The first way is hot water floatation which is the simplest yet most inefficient method. In this method the seeds are placed in a pot of boiling water and are left to simmer for several hours. Once the pot is taken off the fire the contents are left to sit and cool and the oil will float to the surface and can then be skimmed off.  As this method has a lower extraction efficiency, salt is sometimes used to help break oil-water emulsions. A more efficient method involves using a ghani which is “a large pestle and mortar system” (Axtell, 1992), In many developing countries, smallholder farmers use traditional animal powered ghanis. The mortar is firmly in place to the ground and the pestle rotates. As the pestle rotates oil is extracted because of a friction and pressure relationship. The oil is released through a small aperture that is located at the base of the mortar. Through this method approximately 40 kg of material can be produced per day. In order to maximize extraction, rural smallholder farmers should consider using the second method to extract sesame oil as it results in a greater yield of oil. Finally, the cooking of the oil can be completed. Cooking the extracted oil is essential as it helps to eliminate any excess water traces (Axtell, 1992). This can be done using a shallow pot either on a stove top or over an open fire.</p>
+<p>The target market of sesame oil produced by smallholder farmers should be locals. When using the methods above, the oil will not be to the same standard as Westerns are accustomed to and will have a different taste than the oils bought at urban grocery stores. In order to reach the target market of locals, producers should sell the oil at local roadside stands or to local restaurants and markets.</p>
 </div>
     </div>
   <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
-        <h3 class="title-bg">Labeling</h3>
+        <h3 class="title-bg">Tahini </h3>
          <div class="cont-bg">
-<p>Value addition could be achieved simply by noting the nutrient benefits of processed sweet potato on packaging. For example, baking the potatoes instead of frying or boiling allows for more nutrients to be kept (Dincer, Cuneyt, et al., 2011). Baking a potato only requires cutting then placing onto a sheet in an oven. Labeling can improve sale value/rate, while adding a quick recipe (like baked fries) could add further value. Also, including the nutritional value of sweet potatoes can be beneficial (Sustain, 2007). A study from Miller & Cassady (2015) supports the claim that including nutritious information helps increase the sale of products by increasing the rate of sales, since ‘knowledge-is-power’. This would be best sold to tourists or at markets.</p>
+<p>Tahini is a popular staple food in the Middle East and is made from dehulled sesame seeds (Bennett, 1993). It takes the form of a paste and can be eaten on its own as a dip or can be combined with other ingredients to make different traditional recipes, such as halva or hummus (Bennett, 1993). The packaging and storage of tahini is crucial in order to limit the risks of Salmonella surviving (Torlak et al., 2013). It has been proven that Salmonella can survive in tahini for extended amounts of time (Torlak et al., 2013). In order to limit this as much as possible, tahini should be kept at a temperature of 21 degrees Celsius (Torlak et al., 2013).</p>
+<p>The first step to making tahini requires the toasting of the sesame seeds (Killebrew, 2018). This can be done on a pan over medium heat. If a stove is not accessible this step can be done over an open fire. After the seeds are roasted, they are added to a food processor with cooking oil and pureed. Oil can be added until the desired consistency is reached. Once the puree is at the desired consistency, portion the mixture into containers that are airtight. The tahini must then be refrigerated and can last for several months (Killebrew, 2018). The main cost of making tahini is purchasing a food processor and containers to package the tahini in. Mason jars can be used to package the puree as they airtight sealing and are a cost-effective option. The ideal target market for tahini should be urban grocery stores to compete against more expensive, international imports (Alibaba, 2015).</p>
+<p>To further increase the profit of smallholder farmers, they should consider using the prepared tahini to make hummus to create a greater value-added food product. The FAO did a report in 2016 related to simple recipes for community members in food scarce developing countries. In the report they provided a simple recipe for hummus that is a feasible option for smallholder farmers as it is low cost and simple to make. Hummus is a staple food in the Middle East as it provides essential nutrients from both chickpeas and sesame seeds (FAO, 2016). In order to make the recipe, a food processor and mortar and pestle are required (FAO, 2016). Both of these items can be bought for 30 US dollars or under on Alibaba.com. The recipe according to the FAO is as follows:</p>
+<p>1.	If using dried chickpeas, to cook them:soak the dried chickpeas in warm water for 12 hours with ⅓ teaspoon of baking soda (ideally leave them soaking overnight). Rinse them well and drain. Bring water to a boil in a cooking pot and when the water is boiling add the chickpeas and leave them cooking over low heat for approximately 2 hours until tender. Remove them from the heat, drain and leave them to cool. Reserve the cooking water (FAO, 2016).</p>
+<p>2.	Puree the cooked chickpeas in a food processor or in a mortar and pestle, adding approximately 50 ml (3 tablespoons) of the cooking liquid (FAO, 2016).</p>
+<p>3.	 Mix the peeled and crushed garlic cloves, the salt and the cumin in a mortar and pestle until a paste is created. Add the tahini and the lemon juice (FAO, 2016).</p>
+<p>4.	Add this paste to the mashed chickpeas mixture and use the food processor to blend it into a creamy puree (FAO, 2016).
+A cost-effective way to package the hummus is by using mason jars. Mason jars ensure the product is well sealed and they can be refrigerated or frozen easily. The cost of mason jars is around $0.42-$0.45 a jar but there is a minimum requirement of 5000 pieces (Alibaba- Salad Glass Embossed Logo Mason Jar, n.d.). Labels for the jars can be purchased through Alibaba.com. Alibaba offers custom labels, allowing the producer to design them as they wish. It is advised that the producer uses bright colors to design the label as it is more likely to catch the consumer’s eye. The labels are stick on and can be bought for as cheap as $2.50 a roll (Alibaba, 2018).</p>
 </div>
     </div>
   <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
-        <h3 class="title-bg">Flour</h3>
+        <h3 class="title-bg">Peeled (Dehulled) Sesame Seeds </h3>
          <div class="cont-bg">
-<p>Sweet potato root can be used to produce a variety of flours, which would be subsequently used to make breads, pastries and noodles (CIP, 2018). The process of producing flour from sweet potato root is described in full below. The following diagram shows an overview of the process:</p>
+<p>Sesame seeds can be dehulled either chemically or physically. Chemically dehulling the seeds involves soaking the seeds in alkaline solution in order to neutralize (Takenaka, Ogata, Yabe, Yamauchi, & Kato, 2006). The shell will then come off but the seed will lose nutritional value and will become tasteless (Takenaka et al., 2006). Physically dehulling the seeds involves stirring the seeds together with a small amount of water (Takenaka et al., 2006). Natural friction results in the peeling of the seeds (Takenaka et al., 2006). Physically dehulling the seeds is the more cost-effective option because chemicals do not have to be bought. Dehulling sesame seeds requires large amounts of labour, as they have to be harvested and hulled. However, this value addition method is advisable, because in the long run the profit will be greater (Gelalcha, 2009).</p>
-[[File:Capture 792.JPG]]
+<p>With the dehulled sesame seeds, smallholder farmers can make enriched cassava wafers. Cassava wafers are easy to make as they only require cassava flour, sesame seeds, sugar and a pinch of salt (Recipe Book- Health, Knowledge and Flavours, 2018). This is a beneficial recipe as both cassava and sesame seeds offer different nutritional values. Cassava is rich in starch, calcium, phosphorous and vitamins C and A (Montagnac, Davis, & Tanumihardjo, 2009). Sesame seeds are rich in vitamin B1, protein, iron, magnesium calcium, zinc and provide an excellent energy source (Pathak, N., Rai, A. K., Kumari, R., Bhat, K. V, 2014). Cassava wafers are an essential staple recipe in Haiti (Recipe Book- Health, Knowledge and Flavours, 2018). They are relatively easy to make and if the smallholder farmer is growing both cassava and sesame seeds, this recipe is relatively low cost as they can make their own cassava flour. To make the cassava wafer, mix the cassava flour with a pinch of salt, 400 g of sesame seeds, and 450 g of sugar (Recipe Book- Health, Knowledge and Flavours, 2018). Once the mixture is made place it on a hot griddle and cook until golden brown (Recipe Book- Health, Knowledge and Flavours, 2018). The only money that would need to be spent is on cooking equipment like a pan to cook the wafer in and either a stove or open fire can be used for a heat source. The target market for cassava wafers should be locals, and this target can be reached through the use of roadside stands. </p>
-<p>The process requires a knife for cutting as well as a mill; mills can be priced as low as $60. A visual step by step process of making flour can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLEbnNnXqMA. This video is particularly useful because it describes the process in Kenya.  Sweet potato flour can be used to fortify other flours or to make bread itself. Fortifying other flours with sweet potato flour yielded the best results compared to other white breads made from wheat flour alone (Shan, Shan, et al., 2012). Hence the packaging could advertise that sweet potato fortified bread is healthier and contains more nutrients than traditional flours. Sweet potato flour is sold in Canada at Walmart (https://www.walmart.com/c/kp/potato-flour) for $17.86/Kg, thus a smallholder farmer can mill the roots and sell for a profit.</p>
 </div>
     </div>
   <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
-        <h3 class="title-bg">Jam</h3>
+        <h3 class="title-bg">Helpful hints and practical tips to get started </h3>
          <div class="cont-bg">
-<p>Sweet potato today can be used to make jams with only a blender (Business Diary, 2017), which the online retailer “Alibaba.com” sells for as little as $11. Blended sweet potato can also lead to value added products such as smoothies, drinks and catsup (Business Diary, 2017). This would help improve sales at road sides and markets.</p>
+<p><b>Links to cooking equipment:</b></p>
-</div>
+<p>Air Forced Ovens. (2018). Retrieved November 07, 2018, from https://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&fsb=y&SearchText=air forced oven
-   </div>
+Cheap Price Electric Forced Air Circulation 300c High Temp Industrial Oven - Buy Industrial Oven Price,300c High Temp Industrial Oven,Forced Air Circulation Oven Product on Alibaba.com. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2018, from</p>
- <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
-       <h3 class="title-bg">Sweet potato skins</h3>
+<p>https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Cheap-price-electric-forced-air-circulation_60710227574.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.11.19ba21a9TsPb8N&s=p
-        <div class="cont-bg">
+ml Salad Glass Embossed Logo Mason Jar - Buy Mason Jar With Metal Cap,Glass Mason Jar,Glass Jar With Custom Logo Product on Alibaba.com. (2018). Retrieved November 12, 2018, from
-<p>Farmers and consumers can use the whole tuber to maximize profits. As already noted, the root can be used to create flour for human consumption or can be sold as livestock feed ( CIP, 2018). The outer layer of the tuber, instead of being thrown away, contains many useful nutrients and protein which could be added to smoothies, jams, or drinks (Allrecipes, 2018). As stated before a blender can cost as low as $11 on Alibaba.com. Additionally, sweet potato skins can also be baked (Allrecipes, 2018).</p>
+https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/500ml-Salad-Glass-Embossed-Logo-Mason_60711563554.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normalList.70.75291c95vs0hTo</p>
-</div>
-   </div>
+<p>Factory Custom Printed Adhesive Product Labels Sicker - Buy Custom Printed Product Labels Sicker,Adhesive Product Labels Sicker,Product Labels Sicker Product on Alibaba.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Factory-custom-printed-adhesive-product-labels_60716916291.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.62.7cb94ef0BQHcl2&s=p</p>
- <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
-       <h3 class="title-bg">Baked sweet potatoes</h3>
-        <div class="cont-bg">
-<p>There is another popular value addition from sweet potatoes which serves as a healthy alternative to white fleshed potatoes. Sweet potatoes (baked, fried, boiled) are considered as a novel source for natural health promoting compounds (beta-carotene and anthocyanins) for the functional food market (Bovell et al., 2017). Boiling sweet potatoes result in a loss in carotenoids and other important vitamins and minerals (Gehse, Saskia, et al.), hence baking is an alternative. Baking is done in an oven, which can cost as little as $60 on Alibaba, or using rocks or clay. For the latter, a tutorial can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_OUaJVHnF0. Baking opens up new markets, such as to tourists or at local markets.</p>
-<p>In conclusion, there is an abundance of value addition ideas for sweet potato smallholder farmers, and there are still more to be discovered with research. Most of these products are realistic for smallholder farmers to implement.</p>
+<p><b>Links to Recipes:</b></p>
+<p>Tahini: https://www.daringgourmet.com/how-to-make-homemade-tahini-paste/</p>
+<p>Hummus: http://www.fao.org/3/a-bc927e.pdf</p>
+<p>Cassava Waffers: http://www.fao.org/3/i8269en/I8269EN.pdf</p>
 </div>
     </div>
@@ Line 53: / Line 60: @@
         <h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>
          <div class="cont-bg">
-  <p>1.	ActionAid. (2015). What is a small holder farmer? Retrieved from http://actionaid.org/australia/2015/06/smallholderfarmers101</p>
+  <p>1.	Ababa, A. (2015). Sesame Value Chain Development Strategy ( Working Document 2015-2019 ). Retrieved from
+https://www.agriknowledge.org/downloads/6h440s47v</p>
-<p>2.	Bovell, B. Adelia C. (2007) Sweet Potato: A Review of Its Past, Present, and Future Role in Human Nutrition. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 7, 1–59, doi:10.1016/s1043-4526(06)52001-7.</p>
+<p>2.	Bennett, M. (1993). Sesame seed, in A Handbook for Farmers and Investors. p361–368. Retrieved from
+ https://www.agmrc.org/media/cms/sesame_38F4324EE52CB.pdf</p>
-<p>3.	Describe the different ways that food spoils. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.foodsafetysite.com/educators/competencies/general/microbiology/mic6.html</p>
+<p>3.	Boureima, S., Diouf, M., Amoukou, A.I. and Damme, V.P., Screening for sources of tolerance to drought in sesame induced mutants: Assessment of indirect selection criteria for seed yield , Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4(1): 45-60 (2016). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2218 </p>
-<p>4.	Dincer, Cuneyt, et al. (2011) Effects of Baking and Boiling on the Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Sweet Potato [Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam.] Cultivars. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 66 (4), 341-347. doi:10.1007/s11130-011-0262-0.</p>
+<p>4.	FAO. (2016). International Year of Pulses- Hummus, 10. FAO, Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-bc927e.pdf</p>
-<p>5.	Gehse, Saskia, et al. (2018) Determination of the Effect of Boiling on the Bioavailability of Carotenoids in Vegetables Using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Laser Physics, 28(10), 105602. doi:10.1088/1555-6611/aad1b4.</p>
+<p>5.	Gelalcha, S. D. (2009). Sesame trade arrangements , costs and risks in Ethiopia: A Baseline Survey. Wageningen University, Netherlands.  Retrieved from
+		https://www.wur.nl/upload_mm/9/a/9/59d09a46-b629-4014-b2bd-adf765894adc_Report2Gelalcha170610.pdf</p>
-<p>6.	Knott, S. (2018, March 22). One of Africa's most promising cities has a trash problem. Retrieved from https://qz.com/africa/1229079/ghana-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-has-a-trash-problem/</p>
+<p>6.	Killebrew, K. (2018, May 05). BEST Easy Homemade Tahini Paste. Retrieved November 12, 2018, from
+a.	https://www.daringgourmet.com/how-to-make-homemade-tahini-paste/</p>
-<p>7.	Sweet Potato Knowledge Portal, www.sweetpotatoknowledge.org/files/presentation-12-low-cost-technologies-value-addition-orange-fleshed-sweetpotato-smallholder-farmers-western-kenya/.</p>
+<p>7.	Lieberum, M. (2002). Special eating needs for people living with HIV/AIDS. In Living Well with HIV/AIDS. FAO, Rome. Retrieved November 13, 2018, from
+a.	http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4168E/y4168e06.htm</p>
-<p>8.	Lerner, B. Rosie. “Time to Harvest Sweet Potatoes.” Purdue Extension - Purdue University, 21 Sept. 2018, http://extension.purdue.edu/article/30787.</p>
+<p>8.	Axtell, B.J. (1992) Minor Oil Crops- Principles of Extraction. FAO AGRICULTURAL SERVICES BULLETIN No. 94. FAO, Rome. Retrieved November 07, 2018, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E00.htm#Contents </p>
-<p>9.	Miller, L. M., & Cassady, D. L. (2015). The effects of nutrition knowledge on food label use. A review of the literature. Appetite, 92, 207-216. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.029</p>
+<p>9.	Montagnac, J. A., Davis, C. R., & Tanumihardjo, S. A. (2009). Nutritional Value of Cassava for Use as a Staple Food and Recent Advances for Improvement, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 8, 187-188. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00077.x</p>
-<p>10.	Obi, L. “15 Ways You Can Add Value to Potatoes for More Money.” Daily Nation, 30 Sept. 2016, www.nation.co.ke/business/seedsofgold/ways-you-can-add-value-to-potatoes-for-more-money/2301238-3400418-e4g4ul/index.html. (cite as Obi, 2016)</p>
+<p>10.	Pathak, N., Rai, A. K., Kumari, R., & Bhat, K. V. (2014). Value addition in sesame: A perspective on bioactive components for enhancing utility and profitability. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 8(16), 147-55. Retrieved from
+a.	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127822/</p>
-<p>11.	Old Farmer's Almanac. (2018). Growing Sweet Potatoes. Retrieved November 29, 2018, from https://www.almanac.com/plant/sweet-potatoes</p>
+<p>11.	FAO (2018). Recipe Book- Health, Knowledge and Flavours.. FAO, Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/i8269en/I8269EN.pdf</p>
-<p>12.	Shan, S., et al. (2012) Physicochemical Properties And Salted Noodle-Making Quality Of Purple Sweet Potato Flour And Wheat Flour Blends. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 37 (5) 709-716, doi:10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00686.x.</p>
+<p>12.	Ram, R., D. Catlin, J. Romero, and C. Cowley. 1990. Sesame: New approaches for crop improvement. p. 225-228. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), Advances in New Crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR. Retrieved November 13, 2018, from
+a.	https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-225.html</p>
-<p>13.	Sustain (2007). How can improved food labelling contribute to a healthy and sustainable food system? Retrieved from https://www.sustainweb.org/publications/how_can_improved_food_labelling_contribute/</p>
+<p>13.	Singh, J., Kunwar, N., & Tripathi, S. (2016). Benefits add Nutritive Value of Sesame Seed. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research,  7, 13245–13247. Retrieved from
+a.	https://recentscientific.com/sites/default/files/6006.pdf</p>
-<p>14.	“Sweet Potato Recipes.” Allrecipes, www.allrecipes.com/recipes/1094/fruits-and-vegetables/vegetables/sweet-potato/.</p>
+<p>14.	Takenaka, N., Ogata, K., Yabe, T., Yamauchi, R., & Kato, K. (2006). Effect of oil and sugar
+.	contents on the surface of dehulled-roasted sesame seeds on adhesion between the seeds. Journal of Food Science, 71(6): E303 - E307. Retrieved from
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00104.x</p>
-<p>15.	“Sweet Potato Processing and Uses.” International Potato Center (CIP), cipotato.org/crops/sweetpotato/sweet-potato-processing-and-uses/.</p>
+<p>15.	Torlak, E., Sert, D., & Serin, P. (2013). Fate of Salmonella during sesame seeds roasting and storage of tahini. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 163(2–3), 214–217. Retrieved from
+	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.010</p>
-<p>16.	“Value-Added Products from Sweet Potato.” Business Diary PH, Business Diary Ph, 8 Dec. 2017, businessdiary.com.ph/6427/value-added-products-sweet-potato/.</p>
+<p>16.	Yaacoub, R., Saliba, R., Nsouli, B., Khalaf, G., & Birlouez-Aragon, I. (2008). Formation of lipid oxidation and isomerization products during processing of nuts and sesame seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(16), 7082–7090. Retreieved from https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800808d</p>
-<p>17.	Victoria Grain Mill - Corona Style. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://torontobrewing.ca/products/victoria-grain-mill-corona-style?variant=32012717379&utm_campaign=gs-2018-10-07&utm_source=google&utm_medium=smart_campaign&gclid=Cj0KCQiA8_PfBRC3ARIsAOzJ2uofbhQoD5PPMrJmemx2diMDGAHWGcxHijD9bGs-mKJ4GkNSNI9sHm8aAkNGEALw_wcB</p>
+<p>17.	500ml Salad Glass Embossed Logo Mason Jar - Buy Mason Jar With Metal Cap,Glass Mason Jar,Glass Jar With Custom Logo Product on Alibaba.com. (2018). Retrieved November 12, 2018, from
+a.	https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/500ml-Salad-Glass-Embossed-Logo-Mason_60711563554.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normalList.70.75291c95vs0hTo</p>