Chapters 8.35: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "<div> <div class="title"><h3>8.35-Sweet Potato Value Addition</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Alex Roberts, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div> <div class="hero-img-2"> 300px <p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p> <p>Roberts,A. (2022) Sweet Potato Value Addition,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p> <h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>...")
 
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  <div class="title"><h3>8.35-Sweet Potato Value Addition</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Alex Roberts, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>
  <div class="title"><h3>8.35-Wheat Value Addition </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Lauren Biskaris, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>
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<div class="hero-img-2">  
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[[File:4.jpg|300px]]
<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
<p>Roberts,A. (2022) Sweet Potato Value Addition,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
<p>Biskaris,L. (2022) Wheat Value Addition,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>
         <div class="cont-bg">
         <div class="cont-bg">
           <P>Sweet potato is a widely grown root crop ( Business Diary, 2017); its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots compose a nutritious vegetable. The young leaves and shoots are sometimes eaten as greens (ActionAid, 2015). Over 95% of the global sweet potato crop is produced in developing countries. More than 130 million tons are produced per year, with China producing about 80% of it (ActionAid, 2015). Sweet potato is rich in carbohydrates, phosphorus, and an excellent source of Vitamins A, B and C (Business Diary, 2017). It is known to lower cholesterol with curative effects for constipation and stomach stress. Value addition from sweet potatoes has become an increasing topic in the food world today as it has endless uses and all of the plant can be used as food for humans or feed for livestock (Business Diary, 2017). Sweet potatoes are widely becoming a novel root vegetable for functional foods, as it is nutritious and widely accessible (Sweet Potato Knowledge Portal, 2018). Functional foods are described as foods that contribute to an overall healthy body (Sweet Potato Knowledge Portal, 2018).</p>
           <P>Wheat originated from the Middle East and is now one of the three most important crops in the world, especially in developing countries (Evans & Davies, 2009). Instead of selling low-value raw grain for income, there are many opportunities for small holders to add value to this crop</p>
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       <h3 class="title-bg">Wrapping</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Value Addition Ideas </h3>
         <div class="cont-bg">
         <div class="cont-bg">
<p>The simplest value addition ideas would be to wrap sweet potatoes in newspaper in order to limit their exposure to light. Light can accelerate the autooxidation of fats and oils. This is imperative to increase shelf life, as well it can be more attractive to buyers; this can be advertised as offering a longer shelf life then other competitors (FoodSafetySite, 2012). Not wrapping each in their own individual package can lead to mold and harmful bacteria that can age sweet potatoes (FoodSafetySite, 2012).  And wrapping each in an individual package would prevent pathogen cross-contamination (Lerner, B. Rosie, 2018). This process can be done extremely fast by hand and would result in a prolonged shelf life. Wrapping may be more expensive and time consuming, however, buying used newspaper or books can be inexpensive. Recycling can also lead to a cleaner environment; this can benefit smallholder farmers who sell what they produce (Knott, S., 2018). However, there is insufficient data on the price difference for wrapped compared to unwrapped sweet potatoes.</p>
<p><b>Bread Recipes:</b></p>
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<p>There is a large variety of bread recipes that wheat can be used even for people in developing nations.  Bread contains carbohydrates, protein, as well as various vitamins (Peña, 2002). It can be a staple in many small-holder diets, as well as ideal products to put on the market to bring in more income. The starting point for whole wheat bread would be whole wheat flour which requires either traditional grinding stones or electric/petrol powered mills. There are grain mills that are specifically designed for small-holder farmers, that require less skill yet do the job efficiently (FAO, 2007). In order to produce the breads, the flour is mixed with water, that would need to be kneaded, then baked which could be done in a traditional fire oven (Fellows & Hampton, 1992).  When packaging the goods, it is ideal to prevent moisture from collecting inside, which means letting the food cool before packing (Fellows & Hampton, 1992).  It would be practical to wrap the bread in plain paper or a wrapping that contains polythene, for example, plastic wrap to lengthen the shelf-life (Fellows & Hampton, 1992). These wrappings can be purchased in bulk from warehouse-type sellers or online at Alibaba.com (see below), reducing the cost. Smallholders can also sell bread-based products at local markets or roadside stands such as Marka (or Marqa) – a stew dish native to Tunisia in Africa that incorporates bread into the dish (Gelata & Grausgruber, 2013). Smallholders can also sell porridges made from the flour such as Kinche – an Ethiopian porridge.</p>
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<p><b>Feed for Livestock: </b></p>
      <h3 class="title-bg">Labeling</h3>
<p>While wheat has many purposes, one of its important ones is that of its use for livestock feed, especially for cows and other animals meant for poultry (Baloch et al, 1999).  Wheat contains at least 12% of protein, making it useful as it would provide nutritional benefits for the animals (FAO, 2004). Whole-grain wheat is the most common variety meant to feed livestock, as it has more nutritional benefits than barley, maize and sorghum (Baloch et al, 1999). It is most beneficial as feed for livestock as whole-grain would be sprouted and withered, making it the best option to feed the farm animals (Baloch et al, 1999). In addition to this, farmers can have a “grain-legume rotation,” as this produces nitrogen for the grain (FAO, 2001). The feed can be sold to neighbouring farmers, as it is needed by other local farmers. Due to the fact that wheat is such an abundant crop, farmers can use the leftover rations from harvest as a source of feed for their livestock (Gebrehiwot & Mohammed, 2003).</p>
        <div class="cont-bg">
 
<p>Value addition could be achieved simply by noting the nutrient benefits of processed sweet potato on packaging. For example, baking the potatoes instead of frying or boiling allows for more nutrients to be kept (Dincer, Cuneyt, et al., 2011). Baking a potato only requires cutting then placing onto a sheet in an oven. Labeling can improve sale value/rate, while adding a quick recipe (like baked fries) could add further value. Also, including the nutritional value of sweet potatoes can be beneficial (Sustain, 2007). A study from Miller & Cassady (2015) supports the claim that including nutritious information helps increase the sale of products by increasing the rate of sales, since ‘knowledge-is-power’. This would be best sold to tourists or at markets.</p>  
<p><b>Noodle Recipes:</b></p>
<p>Many developing nations around the world include wheat-flour noodles as staple foods in their daily lives (Verma et al, 2015). Noodles are very beneficial to people in the developing world as they are filling, but even more so due to the fact that children enjoy them to a large extent; women also favour noodles as they can be made quickly, ensuring more time to be put towards more laborious activities (Verma et al, 2015). In addition to this, noodles are a large part of the global food market, meaning smallholders can sell them for a reliable income.  Dried noodles are extremely beneficial when it comes to avoiding food poisoning as they have a long shelf-life (FAO, 2007).  To ensure this shelf-life, noodles can also be dried in the sun, and stored for later use (FAO, 2007). In order to make the noodles from the form of flour, the farmer would have to roll out and flatten the dough, then cut them into separate strips, then let them dry; this would be the process before adding them to boiling water, or before packaging the noodles for sale (FAO, 2007). These should be packaged in cardboard containers in order to prevent them from being damaged while being stored before use (FAO, 2007).</p> 
 
<p><b>Beer:</b></p>
<p>Wheat-based alcohol is another advantageous product derived from wheat crops, as it provides a rich source of vitamins, potassium, etc., also requiring less additives in its production process as it ages and becomes fermented (FAO, 2009). Beer would do very well on the market, as it is sold all over the world.  It would be ideal for the producers to invest in a strain of brewer’s yeast that is to be used as part of the fermentation process; this can be purchased relatively inexpensively in local markets (Fellows & Hampton, 1992). Pans or pots that can be used to boil the liquid are also needed, and can be bought in bulk to ensure low-cost production (Fellows & Hampton, 1992). In terms of packaging, bottles are most commonly used to hold alcoholic beverages, which means producers can purchase these in bulk from wholesalers.  Beer making is also a good opportunity to involve men in the value addition and sales process.</p>
 
<p><b>Packaging:</b></p>
 
<p>When it comes to packaging food in developing nations, there is a lack of cheap machinery and alternatives for expensive tools; this means that second-hand packing tools are a good idea, as they will sell for a cheaper price, and they include modern technology, allowing the process to be easier for rural people to follow (FAO, 2014).</p>
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       <h3 class="title-bg">Flour</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Helpful Links to Get Started </h3>
         <div class="cont-bg">
         <div class="cont-bg">
<p>Sweet potato root can be used to produce a variety of flours, which would be subsequently used to make breads, pastries and noodles (CIP, 2018). The process of producing flour from sweet potato root is described in full below. The following diagram shows an overview of the process:</p>
<p><b>Step by step procedures:</b></p>
[[File:Capture 792.JPG]]
<p>Simple, no knead bread recipe: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0t8ZAhb8lQ</p>
<p>The process requires a knife for cutting as well as a mill; mills can be priced as low as $60. A visual step by step process of making flour can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLEbnNnXqMA. This video is particularly useful because it describes the process in Kenya.  Sweet potato flour can be used to fortify other flours or to make bread itself. Fortifying other flours with sweet potato flour yielded the best results compared to other white breads made from wheat flour alone (Shan, Shan, et al., 2012). Hence the packaging could advertise that sweet potato fortified bread is healthier and contains more nutrients than traditional flours. Sweet potato flour is sold in Canada at Walmart (https://www.walmart.com/c/kp/potato-flour) for $17.86/Kg, thus a smallholder farmer can mill the roots and sell for a profit.</p>
<p>How to make wheat beer: https://www.homebrewing.org/How-to-Make-Wheat-Beer_ep_36-1.html</p>
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<p>How to make noodles with flour: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GamDc8sUMVs</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Jam</h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
<p>Sweet potato today can be used to make jams with only a blender (Business Diary, 2017), which the online retailer “Alibaba.com” sells for as little as $11. Blended sweet potato can also lead to value added products such as smoothies, drinks and catsup (Business Diary, 2017). This would help improve sales at road sides and markets.</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Sweet potato skins</h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
<p>Farmers and consumers can use the whole tuber to maximize profits. As already noted, the root can be used to create flour for human consumption or can be sold as livestock feed ( CIP, 2018). The outer layer of the tuber, instead of being thrown away, contains many useful nutrients and protein which could be added to smoothies, jams, or drinks (Allrecipes, 2018). As stated before a blender can cost as low as $11 on Alibaba.com. Additionally, sweet potato skins can also be baked (Allrecipes, 2018).</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Baked sweet potatoes</h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
<p>There is another popular value addition from sweet potatoes which serves as a healthy alternative to white fleshed potatoes. Sweet potatoes (baked, fried, boiled) are considered as a novel source for natural health promoting compounds (beta-carotene and anthocyanins) for the functional food market (Bovell et al., 2017). Boiling sweet potatoes result in a loss in carotenoids and other important vitamins and minerals (Gehse, Saskia, et al.), hence baking is an alternative. Baking is done in an oven, which can cost as little as $60 on Alibaba, or using rocks or clay. For the latter, a tutorial can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_OUaJVHnF0. Baking opens up new markets, such as to tourists or at local markets.</p>


<p>In conclusion, there is an abundance of value addition ideas for sweet potato smallholder farmers, and there are still more to be discovered with research. Most of these products are realistic for smallholder farmers to implement.</p>
<p><b>Equipment:</b></p>
<p><b>Simple, no knead bread recipe:</b></p> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0t8ZAhb8lQ</p>
<p><b>How to make wheat beer:</b></p> https://www.homebrewing.org/How-to-Make-Wheat-Beer_ep_36-1.html</p>
<p><b>Yeast strainer:</b></p> https://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=yeast+strainer&viewtype=L</p>
<p><b>Cooking pots:</b></p> https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/New-Design-Stainless-Steel-Cook-Ware_60748313123.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.15.6d0d32ffxYjv9p&s=p</p>
<p><b>Plastic wrap:</b></p> https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/factory-wholesale-pvc-cling-film-plastic_60752659438.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.22.282f1df4TbV3fv&s=p</p>
<p><b>Grain mill:</b></p> https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/KMKFS18-High-performance-grain-mill_60764970604.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.85.71f811ebdC4UbU</p>
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       <h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>
         <div class="cont-bg">
         <div class="cont-bg">
  <p>1. ActionAid. (2015). What is a small holder farmer? Retrieved from http://actionaid.org/australia/2015/06/smallholderfarmers101</p>
  <p>1. Alibaba. Multifunctional Yeast Filter Screen Stainless Steel. Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/multifunctional-yeast-hops-beer-brewing-equipment_60783364935.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.1.17ea10b4frDTti</p>
 
<p>2. Bovell, B. Adelia C. (2007) Sweet Potato: A Review of Its Past, Present, and Future Role in Human Nutrition. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 7, 1–59, doi:10.1016/s1043-4526(06)52001-7.</p>
 
<p>3. Describe the different ways that food spoils. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.foodsafetysite.com/educators/competencies/general/microbiology/mic6.html</p>
 
<p>4. Dincer, Cuneyt, et al. (2011) Effects of Baking and Boiling on the Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Sweet Potato [Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam.] Cultivars. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 66 (4), 341-347. doi:10.1007/s11130-011-0262-0.</p>
 
<p>5. Gehse, Saskia, et al. (2018) Determination of the Effect of Boiling on the Bioavailability of Carotenoids in Vegetables Using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Laser Physics, 28(10), 105602. doi:10.1088/1555-6611/aad1b4.</p>
 
<p>6. Knott, S. (2018, March 22). One of Africa's most promising cities has a trash problem. Retrieved from https://qz.com/africa/1229079/ghana-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-has-a-trash-problem/</p>
 
<p>7. Sweet Potato Knowledge Portal, www.sweetpotatoknowledge.org/files/presentation-12-low-cost-technologies-value-addition-orange-fleshed-sweetpotato-smallholder-farmers-western-kenya/.</p>  


<p>8. Lerner, B. Rosie. “Time to Harvest Sweet Potatoes.” Purdue Extension - Purdue University, 21 Sept. 2018, http://extension.purdue.edu/article/30787.</p>
<p>2. Alibaba. “New Design Stainless Steel Cook Ware Camping Cooking Pot with Lid.” Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/New-Design-Stainless-Steel-Cook-Ware_60748313123.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.15.6d0d32ffxYjv9p&s=p</p>


<p>9. Miller, L. M., & Cassady, D. L. (2015). The effects of nutrition knowledge on food label use. A review of the literature. Appetite, 92, 207-216. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.029</p>
<p>3. Alibaba. “Wholesale pvc Cling Film Plastic Wrap with Side Cutter.” Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/factory-wholesale-pvc-cling-film-plastic_60752659438.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.22.282f1df4TbV3fv&s=p</p>


<p>10. Obi, L. “15 Ways You Can Add Value to Potatoes for More Money.” Daily Nation, 30 Sept. 2016, www.nation.co.ke/business/seedsofgold/ways-you-can-add-value-to-potatoes-for-more-money/2301238-3400418-e4g4ul/index.html. (cite as Obi, 2016)</p>
<p>4. Alibaba. “KMKFS18 High Performance Grain Mill.” Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/KMKFS18-High-performance-grain-mill_60764970604.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.85.71f811ebdC4UbU</p>


<p>11. Old Farmer's Almanac. (2018). Growing Sweet Potatoes. Retrieved November 29, 2018, from https://www.almanac.com/plant/sweet-potatoes</p>
<p>5. Baloch, Umar K., Mejia, D., Lewis, B. (1999). “Wheat: Post Harvest Operations.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compendium_-_WHEAT.pdf</p>


<p>12. Shan, S., et al. (2012) Physicochemical Properties And Salted Noodle-Making Quality Of Purple Sweet Potato Flour And Wheat Flour Blends. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 37 (5) 709-716, doi:10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00686.x.</p>
<p>6. Evans, G., Davies, S. (2009). “Soybean and Wheat Crops: Growth, Fertilization, and Yield.” New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=315745&site=ehost-live&scope=site</p>


<p>13. Sustain (2007). How can improved food labelling contribute to a healthy and sustainable food system? Retrieved from https://www.sustainweb.org/publications/how_can_improved_food_labelling_contribute/</p>
<p>7. Fellows, P., Hampton, A. (1992). “Small-scale Food Processing – A Guide for Appropriate Equipment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/Wairdocs/X5434E/x5434e07.htm</p>


<p>14. “Sweet Potato Recipes.” Allrecipes, www.allrecipes.com/recipes/1094/fruits-and-vegetables/vegetables/sweet-potato/.</p>  
<p>8. FAO. (2009). “Barley, Malt, Beer.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Agribusiness Handbook. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/tci/docs/AH3_BarleyMaltBeer.pdf</p>


<p>15. “Sweet Potato Processing and Uses.” International Potato Center (CIP), cipotato.org/crops/sweetpotato/sweet-potato-processing-and-uses/.</p>
<p>9. FAO. (2007). “Cereals Processing Toolkit: Noodles.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Agribusiness. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-au109e.pdf</p>
<p>10. FAO. (2014). “Appropriate Food Packaging Solutions for Developing Countries.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/mb061e/mb061e00.pdf</p>
<p>11. FAO. (2004). “Protein sources for the Animal Feed Industry.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e00.htm#Contents</p>
<p>12. FAO. (2001). “Mixed Crop Livestock Farming.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y0501E/y0501e03.htm</p>
<p>13. Gebrehiwot, L., Mohammed, J. (2003). “The potential of crop residues, particularly wheat straw, as livestock feed in Ethiopia.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x5490E/x5490e0b.htm</p>
<p>14. Geleta, N., Grausgruber, H. (2013). “Homemade products and socio-cultural values of wheat seed production in ambo and dandi districts of west central ethiopia.” Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal, 2(4), 62-70. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/agricola/docview/1532505061/CFE45832F3D84E0APQ/8?accountid=11233</p>


<p>16. “Value-Added Products from Sweet Potato.” Business Diary PH, Business Diary Ph, 8 Dec. 2017, businessdiary.com.ph/6427/value-added-products-sweet-potato/.</p>  
<p>15. Peña, R. J. (2002). “Wheat for Bread and Other Foods.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4011e/y4011e0w.htm</p>


<p>17. Victoria Grain Mill - Corona Style. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://torontobrewing.ca/products/victoria-grain-mill-corona-style?variant=32012717379&utm_campaign=gs-2018-10-07&utm_source=google&utm_medium=smart_campaign&gclid=Cj0KCQiA8_PfBRC3ARIsAOzJ2uofbhQoD5PPMrJmemx2diMDGAHWGcxHijD9bGs-mKJ4GkNSNI9sHm8aAkNGEALw_wcB</p>
<p>16. Verma, A. K., Pathak, V., Umaraw, P., Singh, V. P. (2015). “Quality characteristics of refined wheat flour (maida) based noodles containing chicken meat stored at ambient temperature under aerobic conditions.” Nutrition and Food Science, 45(5), 753-765. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/agricola/docview/1709342868/CFE45832F3D84E0APQ/6?accountid=11233</p>

Revision as of 10:37, 7 July 2022

8.35-Wheat Value Addition


Lauren Biskaris, University of Guelph, Canada

4.jpg

Suggested citation for this chapter.

Biskaris,L. (2022) Wheat Value Addition,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org

Introduction

Wheat originated from the Middle East and is now one of the three most important crops in the world, especially in developing countries (Evans & Davies, 2009). Instead of selling low-value raw grain for income, there are many opportunities for small holders to add value to this crop

Value Addition Ideas

Bread Recipes:

There is a large variety of bread recipes that wheat can be used even for people in developing nations. Bread contains carbohydrates, protein, as well as various vitamins (Peña, 2002). It can be a staple in many small-holder diets, as well as ideal products to put on the market to bring in more income. The starting point for whole wheat bread would be whole wheat flour which requires either traditional grinding stones or electric/petrol powered mills. There are grain mills that are specifically designed for small-holder farmers, that require less skill yet do the job efficiently (FAO, 2007). In order to produce the breads, the flour is mixed with water, that would need to be kneaded, then baked which could be done in a traditional fire oven (Fellows & Hampton, 1992). When packaging the goods, it is ideal to prevent moisture from collecting inside, which means letting the food cool before packing (Fellows & Hampton, 1992). It would be practical to wrap the bread in plain paper or a wrapping that contains polythene, for example, plastic wrap to lengthen the shelf-life (Fellows & Hampton, 1992). These wrappings can be purchased in bulk from warehouse-type sellers or online at Alibaba.com (see below), reducing the cost. Smallholders can also sell bread-based products at local markets or roadside stands such as Marka (or Marqa) – a stew dish native to Tunisia in Africa that incorporates bread into the dish (Gelata & Grausgruber, 2013). Smallholders can also sell porridges made from the flour such as Kinche – an Ethiopian porridge.

Feed for Livestock:

While wheat has many purposes, one of its important ones is that of its use for livestock feed, especially for cows and other animals meant for poultry (Baloch et al, 1999). Wheat contains at least 12% of protein, making it useful as it would provide nutritional benefits for the animals (FAO, 2004). Whole-grain wheat is the most common variety meant to feed livestock, as it has more nutritional benefits than barley, maize and sorghum (Baloch et al, 1999). It is most beneficial as feed for livestock as whole-grain would be sprouted and withered, making it the best option to feed the farm animals (Baloch et al, 1999). In addition to this, farmers can have a “grain-legume rotation,” as this produces nitrogen for the grain (FAO, 2001). The feed can be sold to neighbouring farmers, as it is needed by other local farmers. Due to the fact that wheat is such an abundant crop, farmers can use the leftover rations from harvest as a source of feed for their livestock (Gebrehiwot & Mohammed, 2003).

Noodle Recipes:

Many developing nations around the world include wheat-flour noodles as staple foods in their daily lives (Verma et al, 2015). Noodles are very beneficial to people in the developing world as they are filling, but even more so due to the fact that children enjoy them to a large extent; women also favour noodles as they can be made quickly, ensuring more time to be put towards more laborious activities (Verma et al, 2015). In addition to this, noodles are a large part of the global food market, meaning smallholders can sell them for a reliable income. Dried noodles are extremely beneficial when it comes to avoiding food poisoning as they have a long shelf-life (FAO, 2007). To ensure this shelf-life, noodles can also be dried in the sun, and stored for later use (FAO, 2007). In order to make the noodles from the form of flour, the farmer would have to roll out and flatten the dough, then cut them into separate strips, then let them dry; this would be the process before adding them to boiling water, or before packaging the noodles for sale (FAO, 2007). These should be packaged in cardboard containers in order to prevent them from being damaged while being stored before use (FAO, 2007).

Beer:

Wheat-based alcohol is another advantageous product derived from wheat crops, as it provides a rich source of vitamins, potassium, etc., also requiring less additives in its production process as it ages and becomes fermented (FAO, 2009). Beer would do very well on the market, as it is sold all over the world. It would be ideal for the producers to invest in a strain of brewer’s yeast that is to be used as part of the fermentation process; this can be purchased relatively inexpensively in local markets (Fellows & Hampton, 1992). Pans or pots that can be used to boil the liquid are also needed, and can be bought in bulk to ensure low-cost production (Fellows & Hampton, 1992). In terms of packaging, bottles are most commonly used to hold alcoholic beverages, which means producers can purchase these in bulk from wholesalers. Beer making is also a good opportunity to involve men in the value addition and sales process.

Packaging:

When it comes to packaging food in developing nations, there is a lack of cheap machinery and alternatives for expensive tools; this means that second-hand packing tools are a good idea, as they will sell for a cheaper price, and they include modern technology, allowing the process to be easier for rural people to follow (FAO, 2014).

Helpful Links to Get Started

Step by step procedures:

Simple, no knead bread recipe: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0t8ZAhb8lQ

How to make wheat beer: https://www.homebrewing.org/How-to-Make-Wheat-Beer_ep_36-1.html

How to make noodles with flour: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GamDc8sUMVs

Equipment:

Simple, no knead bread recipe:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0t8ZAhb8lQ

How to make wheat beer:

https://www.homebrewing.org/How-to-Make-Wheat-Beer_ep_36-1.html

Yeast strainer:

https://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=yeast+strainer&viewtype=L

Cooking pots:

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/New-Design-Stainless-Steel-Cook-Ware_60748313123.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.15.6d0d32ffxYjv9p&s=p

Plastic wrap:

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/factory-wholesale-pvc-cling-film-plastic_60752659438.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.22.282f1df4TbV3fv&s=p

Grain mill:

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/KMKFS18-High-performance-grain-mill_60764970604.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.85.71f811ebdC4UbU

References

1. Alibaba. Multifunctional Yeast Filter Screen Stainless Steel. Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/multifunctional-yeast-hops-beer-brewing-equipment_60783364935.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.1.17ea10b4frDTti

2. Alibaba. “New Design Stainless Steel Cook Ware Camping Cooking Pot with Lid.” Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/New-Design-Stainless-Steel-Cook-Ware_60748313123.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.15.6d0d32ffxYjv9p&s=p

3. Alibaba. “Wholesale pvc Cling Film Plastic Wrap with Side Cutter.” Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/factory-wholesale-pvc-cling-film-plastic_60752659438.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.22.282f1df4TbV3fv&s=p

4. Alibaba. “KMKFS18 High Performance Grain Mill.” Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/KMKFS18-High-performance-grain-mill_60764970604.html?spm=a2700.7724838.2017115.85.71f811ebdC4UbU

5. Baloch, Umar K., Mejia, D., Lewis, B. (1999). “Wheat: Post Harvest Operations.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compendium_-_WHEAT.pdf

6. Evans, G., Davies, S. (2009). “Soybean and Wheat Crops: Growth, Fertilization, and Yield.” New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=315745&site=ehost-live&scope=site

7. Fellows, P., Hampton, A. (1992). “Small-scale Food Processing – A Guide for Appropriate Equipment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/Wairdocs/X5434E/x5434e07.htm

8. FAO. (2009). “Barley, Malt, Beer.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Agribusiness Handbook. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/tci/docs/AH3_BarleyMaltBeer.pdf

9. FAO. (2007). “Cereals Processing Toolkit: Noodles.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Agribusiness. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-au109e.pdf

10. FAO. (2014). “Appropriate Food Packaging Solutions for Developing Countries.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/mb061e/mb061e00.pdf

11. FAO. (2004). “Protein sources for the Animal Feed Industry.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e00.htm#Contents

12. FAO. (2001). “Mixed Crop Livestock Farming.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y0501E/y0501e03.htm

13. Gebrehiwot, L., Mohammed, J. (2003). “The potential of crop residues, particularly wheat straw, as livestock feed in Ethiopia.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x5490E/x5490e0b.htm

14. Geleta, N., Grausgruber, H. (2013). “Homemade products and socio-cultural values of wheat seed production in ambo and dandi districts of west central ethiopia.” Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal, 2(4), 62-70. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/agricola/docview/1532505061/CFE45832F3D84E0APQ/8?accountid=11233

15. Peña, R. J. (2002). “Wheat for Bread and Other Foods.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4011e/y4011e0w.htm

16. Verma, A. K., Pathak, V., Umaraw, P., Singh, V. P. (2015). “Quality characteristics of refined wheat flour (maida) based noodles containing chicken meat stored at ambient temperature under aerobic conditions.” Nutrition and Food Science, 45(5), 753-765. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/agricola/docview/1709342868/CFE45832F3D84E0APQ/6?accountid=11233

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