Chapters 5.36: Difference between revisions

From Farmpedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Created page with "<div> <div class="title"><h3>5.36 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div> <div class="hero-img-2"> 300px <p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p> <p>Candido,J. (2022) Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change, In Farmpedia,...")
 
(Replaced content with "{{Chapters 5.36}}")
Tag: Replaced
 
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<div>
{{Chapters 5.36}}
<div class="title"><h3>5.36 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>
<div class="hero-img-2">
[[File:4.jpg|300px]]
<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
<p>Candido,J. (2022) Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change, In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
      <h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
          <p>During the formation of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, or CIAT, in 1967, headquartered in Colombia, the vast majority of starving and malnourished people residing in tropical and sub-tropical regions were smallholder farmers (CIAT, 2017). Thus, the goal of increasing yield potential became a primary priority for CIAT (CIAT, 2017). The current areas of concern are in regard to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production systems, the landscapes where its production occurs, and its yield potential (CIAT, 2015). Millions of farmers within Africa and Latin America depend on high yield outcomes from their bean crops not only to provide food but also to provide an income for themselves and their families. However, due to the high demand of the crop and the drastic effects of climate change, farmers continue to struggle to meet the needs of consumers (CIAT, 2015).</p>
<p>Throughout the previous several decades, the impacts of climate change have been worsening (IFPRI, 2009). Climate change projections state that regions in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean will be greatly affected by an increase of drought conditions and a rise in average annual temperatures. Due to these conditions, the threats to agricultural production within these land areas are escalating (IFPRI, 2009). Within these regions, the common bean is a staple crop; beans are often referred to as “the meat of the poor” (CIAT, 2016). They contain high levels of protein, fibre, vitamins and micronutrients. An estimated 400 million people residing in the tropics consume beans in their daily diet due to their high nutritional content (CIAT, 2016).</p>
</p>
</div>
  </div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
      <h3 class="title-bg">Benefits of Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties to Small Scale Farmers </h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
 
<p>The world’s largest and most diverse collection of beans is preserved by CIAT (CIAT, 2015). Beans were domesticated within the neo-tropics thousands of years ago, which is where the majority of CIAT’s germplasm originated. With such an extensive range of beans available, the seed bank contains many options for farmers; a variety of colours, nutritional content, and production requirements can be found within these different strains (CIAT, 2015).</p>
<p>Within the previous 15 years, researchers at the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR), CIAT’s umbrella organization, have created incredible advances towards solving issues surrounding drought, and increasing the heat-tolerance and nutritional content levels within common bean varieties (CIAT, 2015). CIAT researchers have been able to identify lines that display a tolerance to a 3˚C increase in temperature. These lines derive from a variety of crosses between common and tepary bean species (Phaseolus acutifolius). Currently cultivated traditional bean varieties have been projected to suffer a 20-50% loss by 2050, whereas heat-tolerant bred beans are projected to suffer minimal losses within that same time period (CIAT, 2015).</p>
 
<p>In order for the new bean varieties to have drought resistant qualities, different traits from different genetic groups were required (Beebe, 2014). Many of the traits which are linked to drought resistance were found within both bean roots and shoots. In order to guarantee a higher success rate of the bean plant, a lengthy root system was required. Additionally, early maturation of the bean crops was a common tactic to combat drought tolerance. A total of 36 genotypes were tested in 2009 during a growing season with significant drought stress. Table 1 shows the field trial results of 5 genotypes grown under different field conditions (Beebe, 2014).</P>
 
<p>Table 1. Drought associated traits associated with improved bean genotypes </p>
[[File:Capture 672.JPG]]
<p>The crops were managed by the irrigation systems for up to 25 days following planting. In order to induce drought stress, the crops were fed a total of 105 mm of water initially followed by an allotted amount of 59 mm of rainwater. An analysis of these trials recommended that the most elite drought tolerant lines expressed heightened stomatal control of transpiration and contained Mexican genetics (Beebe, 2014).</p>
 
<p>Since 1996, The Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) has released over 550 new drought resistant bean varieties to many of the countries within Africa in co-ordination with assistance from CIAT (CIAT, 2016). Utilizing germplasm available, the new varieties of beans (known as BIO101 and BIO107) contain 60% more iron and 50% more zinc than those of traditional bean crops. Following the creation of these specially bred beans, a trial with pregnant and young women in Rwanda discovered that the new varieties of beans reduced iron-deficiency and increased immune system strength in each of the women (CIAT, 2016). With these new advances, PABRA will assist future production by making the crops more resilient to climate change threats while simultaneously targeting direct effects on the human population (CIAT, 2015).</p>
 
<p>The regions within Latin America, Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa contain the highest percentage of women participating in the agricultural sector. It is within these regions that 60% of the total agricultural production is completed by women (Huyer, 2016). In the world’s least developed regions, 79% of the women contributing to their national economy report that they work in the agriculture sector (Huyer, 2016). When women engage in the agricultural production (with new technologies such as heat-tolerant bean varieties) it creates a sense of empowerment and thus builds essential assets, which the women are then able to use in all other aspects of their lives (Muriel, 2019). With the climate change innovations available within common bean variety crops, female farmers are considered to be important influences (Huyer, 2016). When the women’s knowledge of available innovative resources and access to information increases, it establishes an increase in food supply as well as a more resilient community. Likewise, an attempt is made to close the gender gap, thus providing a higher chance for equal opportunities between both men and women (Huyer, 2016), which would in turn help to positively shape the future of those regions affected.</p>
</div>
  </div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
      <h3 class="title-bg">Gender Issues Associated with Production of Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties </h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
<p>If the farmers, though especially female farmers, are not able to utilize and benefit from these new seed varieties, the food supply decreases and the gender gap increases, which diminishes the resiliency of the community (Huyer, 2016). Additionally, since very little information is available with regards to how poor regions with higher gender discrepancy respond to the threats and impacts of climate change within agricultural production, it is difficult to forecast results for future decades (Huyer, 2016).</p>
</div>
  </div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
      <h3 class="title-bg">Production of Drought Tolerant Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) in Arid Regions </h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
<p>It is necessary that farmers are equipped with all of the relevant information required to achieve the highest quality results from their newly adapted bean varieties (PABRA, 2016). Becoming knowledgeable about land preparation, crop management and harvesting is vital to ensuring success within production systems. Integrated crop management (ICM) is a holistic approach utilized by PABRA that assists farmers throughout their cultivation. The desired outcome from ICM is to give smallholder farmers access to cost-effective, climate change resistant crops. This is achieved by working with many international partners. Multiple techniques exist within ICM such as pest management, soil quality, planting and intercropping. With such techniques, approximately six million farmers have been able to improve their bean yields. The ICM research encompasses a variety of areas:</p>
<p>-    Cropping systems: Assessing the different varieties of beans while comparing the benefits of intercropping and rotation.</p> 
<p>-    Inputs: Evaluating the varieties of fertilisers available which are best suitable for the farmer’s chosen bean variety.</p>
<p>-    Water Management: In order to combat the negative effects of climate change and drought, improved practices regarding irrigation and water conservation are fundamental. </p>
<p>-    Soil Fertility: By working with the technologies available within the private sector, this promotes biological nitrogen fixation capabilities which increases yield potential.</p> 
<p>-    Pest and Disease Management: Bean varieties are frequently affected by an array of pests and diseases which have very negative effects on crop yields. PABRA analyses integrated pest management systems with utilization of both biological and chemical methods (PABRA, 2016).</p>
</div>
  </div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
      <h3 class="title-bg">Helpful Links to Get Started </h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
<p>Resource for Requesting Seeds:</p>
<p>https://genebank.ciat.cgiar.org/genebank/inforequestmaterial.do</p>
<p>CIAT innovations on heat-tolerant beans:</p>
<p>https://blog.ciat.cgiar.org/heat-tolerant-wild-beans-tapped-to-breed-commercial-beans-for-hotter-climates/</p>
<p>What is ‘Seed Security’?</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvqSaw49wnE</p>
<p>Agricultural Business Skills for seed-producers:</p>
<p>https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/54569/handbook_3_english.pdf</p>
<p>Crop Management:</p>
<p>https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/newsroom/features/?&cid=nrcs143_023350</p>
<p>Smallholder Farmers Stories Who Have Adopted Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties:</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2UqFbnOc6U</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3D3DiZ4I-8</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd4RS66FMJM&t=8s</p>
</div>
  </div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
      <h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
 
<p>1. Beebe, S.E., et al. (2014) Common beans, biodiversity, and multiple stresses:
a. challenges of drought resistance in tropical soils. Crop and Pasture Science 65, 667-675. Retrieved from https://www.publish.csiro.au/cp/cp13303</p>
<p>2. Buruchara, R. (2011). Development and Delivery of Bean Varieties in Africa: The Pan-
a. African Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) Model, p.227-245. African Crop Science Journal. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/74168/64827</p>
<p>3. Huyer, S, et al. (2016). CCAFS Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy, p.8-11. The
a. Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/72900</p>
<p>4. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). (2009). Climate Change: Impact
a. on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. Retrieved from https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1Vpe0JvYTJYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&ots=Xmu2c8Swla&sig=GX4sDC1DiDa7I5408r0a3nz2sJo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</p>
<p>5. Muriel, J., et al. (2019). The Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index
a. (A-WEIA). Project Results for ‘His and Hers, Time and Income: How Intra Household Dynamics Impact Nutrition in Agricultural Households’. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/101141</p>
<p>6. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2015). Developing Beans that
a. Can Beat the Heat. The Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/articulos_ciat/biblioteca/DEVELOPING_BEANS_THAT_CAN_BEAT_THE_HEAT_lowres%20(2).pdf</p>
<p>7. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2016). Beans. Retrieved from
a. https://ciat.cgiar.org/what-we-do/breeding-better-crops/beans/.</p>
<p>8. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2017). Fifty Years and Fifty
a. Wins, p.4-18. The Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/89145/50_WINS_WEB02.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</p>

Latest revision as of 11:53, 4 September 2024

5.36 -Adopting Gliricidia sepium – A Dry Season Fodder Species to Combat Drought


Brooke-Lynn Morning, University of Guelph, Canada

4.jpg

Suggested citation for this chapter.

Morning,B. (2022) Adopting Gliricidia sepium – A Dry Season Fodder Species to Combat Drought , In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org

History of climate change impact

Climate change has impacted different geographic regions in different ways but most commonly has produced drought and irregular water supply. This is thought to be from the extreme temperature changes and overall warming (Gan, 2015). These issues impact smallholder farmer's crops along with livestock.

Description of innovation and how it impacts climate change

There are two benefits from the drought-tolerant legume tree, Gliricidia sepium for smallholder farmers. It can help with agricultural yields by providing shade to other crops through intercropping (Smith, n.d.). Common understory crops would be coffee and cacao. Secondly, it can be a source of high protein feed for livestock (Wambugu, 2011). It also has also be used as fuelwood and green manure (Gutteridge, 1998).

Nutritional Value in Livestock

The plant is rich in protein and highly digestible by livestock (Rahim Foroughbakhch, 2012). Based on dry matter, the plant has a crude protein level between 7-15 percent depending on the season. The fiber content is approximately 15 percent. The plant has a high rate of digestibility of 60-65%. (Rahim Foroughbakhch, 2012). This means the plant is a good option for livestock feed especially for cattle, goats, lambs, and sheep as it is comparable to alfalfa (Gutteridge, 1998). In cases where Gliricidia sepium has been used as cattle feed, the cattle showed weight gain and increased milk production (Gutteridge, 1998).

Target crops and Geographical Zone

Gliricidia sepium is a fodder shrub species that can help with agriculture in drought areas of Africa, especially shown in East Africa (Wambugu, 2011). The plants can be grown in other zones as well but is the most successful in sub-humid zones or tropical areas during dry seasons (Smith, n.d.). Gliricidia sepium can withstand and survive different conditions such as fire, drought, brief flooding and windy conditions (Elevitch, 2006). How is the crop planted and grown? It can be planted through various methods with the most common being direct seeding or transplanting (Elevitch, 2006). Seeds from the plant will shed from the plant's pod with a dispersal area of 40 meters. Germination will follow with rates as high of 90%. (Arguello-Rangel, 2019). The plant will need to be cut when the dry season is over if the plant is to be used as feed (Arguello-Rangel, 2019). The plant can experience frequent cuttings and have normal regrowth (Gutteridge, 1998). The tree grows dramatically for the first 6-8 years, particularly the first year (Elevitch, 2006). They grow at a rate of 1-2 meters during this time period. After the first 6-8 years, the trees have reached maturity height and will only grow centimeters per year thereafter. It is able to flower after the first growing season and typically flowers during the dry season. Trees are expected to live approximately 50 years (Elevitch, 2006).

Growing Conditions

Gliricidia sepium grows best in warm dry climates (20-30°C) that receive an average amount of rainfall and can grow well during dry seasons with plenty of sun exposure (Gutteridge, 1998; Elevitch, 2006). The plant can grow at a maximum temperature of 42°C and a minimum of 8°C before damage to the plant occurs (Elevitch, 2006). The plant requires approximately 1500 mm annually (Elevitch, 2006), but can grow between 600-3500 mm (Gutteridge, 1998). It grows at elevations of 0-1200 m (Elevitch, 2006) in soils ranging from sandy to clay. The plant cannot grow in cool, wet, compacted and poorly aerated soils (Elevitch, 2006). It grows in soils with a pH between 4.2-9.0, optimally between 5.0-8.5 (Elevitch, 2006). Gliricidia sepium is a moderate nitrogen fixer for companion crops and increases overall crop productivity (Elevitch, 2006). The plant grows optimally in nitrogen and phosphorus-rich soils, there is no mention if additional fertilizers are needed (Gutteridge, 1998). Fertilizers will be needed if the soil quality does not match the requirements. It tolerates saline environments well (Elevitch, 2006).

Cost and accessibility

Farmers can buy them from nurseries but they will pay about 24% more for them than bare-rooted seeds. Potted seedlings will have higher success rates and are more tolerant of drought (Franzel, 2014). On average, retail websites such as Alibaba and IndiaMart sell seeds for approximately 40-100 US dollars per kilogram and can be shipped internationally including areas of East Africa depending on the supplier. The minimum seed order is 1 kilogram. The World Agroforestry Centre located in Kenya has a diverse seed bank. It is a source of seed requests through their website by filling out a form and through affiliate research locations in various countries.

Scale and supply

One can expect a yield of 2-10 tonnes per hectare annually (Smith, n.d.). It is optimal for the plant to be harvested every three months (Arguello-Rangel, 2019). Trees grow upwards of 12-14 meters, offering great shade and large amounts of flowers (Gutteridge, 1998).

Equipment and Labour

The plant itself does not require any special tools for planting. It can be planted easily through direct seeding at 5 mm underground (Elevitch, 2006). The planting does sometimes require stakes once the tree starts to grow to keep it properly aligned and this is an added cost or resource use (Smith, n.d.). Trimming is sometimes needed to maintain the shape of the tree to prevent uneven growth (Elevitch, 2006).

Storage issues

When used for shade, there is no need for storage. If used as a feed, there are no significant storage concerns as animals primarily eat the leaves off the plant directly; if not the leaves should be kept dry when removed from the plant as livestock will eat them wilted (Arguello-Rangel, 2019). Seeds are best if stored at a cool temperature and in an impermeable bag (Reis, 2012) which provides a higher germination rate, but room temperature storage is acceptable but with some loss of seed viability (Reis, 2012).

Safety issues

When consumed in excessive amounts by livestock, toxins such as tannins are present and can be dangerous (Smith, n.d.). Roots, seeds and bark can be poisonous when ingested by humans and livestock (Elevitch, 2006). Gliricidia sepium has a relatively low concentration of tannins compared to similar species, so toxicity is unlikely (Gutteridge, 1998). If seeds overheat during planting, they can become explosive (Elevitch, 2006).

Environmental and Sustainability issues

Poor growth issues with Gliricidia sepium can be linked to its root system since during droughts the roots may not be deep enough to gather water. This makes the plant fragile to wildlife and will attract new insect species which can be of concern (Gutteridge, 1998).

Critical analysis

problems with the crop, alternatives, inappropriate? The crop still needs water to grow, so in extreme droughts it will not survive. It cannot be the sole feed in livestock so other plants still need to be adapted to these environments. The new abundance of insects that come along with these plants can threaten other vegetation and crops. In general, the benefits greatly outweigh the negatives, and Gliricidia sepium is a good alternative crop for drought areas.

Resources to get started

Planting and growing(Video)-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7Uu4W4QU34 Using as a feed- http://old.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/b14146.pdf Planting and Growing-https://greenharvest.com.au/SeedOrganic/FruitTrees/GliricidiaGrowingInformation.html Guide to growing Gliricidia sepium- https://www.winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/growing-gliricidia/ FAO guide to trees- http://www.fao.org/ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/Facts/bfs42/2a.htm Action sheet on Gliricidia sepium- https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/programmes-de-sensibilisations/forets-protection/gliricidia_sepium_PACE.pdf

Seeds Available through IndiaMart- https://dir.indiamart.com/search.mp?ss=gliricidia+sepium+seeds&src=as-popular%3Akwd%3Dgliricidiasepium%3Apos%3D2%3Acat%3D-2%3Amcat%3D-2 Alibaba- https://www.alibaba.com/products/gliricidia_sepium_seed.html World Agroforestry Centre- http://old.worldagroforestry.org/products/grunew/index.php/seedgenebank

Helpful Links to Get Started

1. Argüello-Rangel, J. (2019). Fodder shrubs: relevance in cattle systems of Colombian low altitude lands. Mesoamerican Journal of Agronomy- Agriculture and Livestock. 30 (3) doi: 10.15517 / AM.V30I3.35136. Retrevied from https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/agromeso/article/view/35136#sec-0

2. Elevitch, C. R., & Francis, J. K. (2006). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry- Gliricidia sepium. SARE. Retrieved November 3, 2019.fr. Retreived from http://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Arbres-Bois-de-Rapport-Reforestation/FICHES_ARBRES/Arbres-non-classes/Gliricidia-gliricidia.pdf

3. Franzel, S., Carsan, S., Lukuyu, B., Sinja, J., & Wambugu, C. (2014). Fodder trees for improving livestock productivity and smallholder livelihoods in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 6, 98–103. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.008. Retreived from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343513001565

4. Foroughbak, P. R., Parra, A. C., Estrada, A. R., Vazquez, M. A. A., & Avila, M. L. C. (2012). Nutrient Content and in vitro Dry Matter Digestibility of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam. De Wit.). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(10), 1708–1712. doi: 10.3923/javaa.2012.1708.1712. Retreived from http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=DJ2012078463

5. Gan, T., Ito, M., Hülsmann, S., Qin, X., Lu, X., Liong, S., … Koivusalo, H. (2016). Possible climate change/variability and human impacts, vulnerability of drought-prone regions, water resources and capacity building for Africa. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 61(7) 1209-1226 1–18. doi: 10.1080/02626667.2015.1057143. Retreived from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02626667.2015.1057143

6. Gutteridge, R. C., & Shelton, H. M. (1998). Gliricidia sepium. In Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture (pp. 30–48). CAB International, Queensland, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Culture-fourrages/Forage%20Tree%20Legumes%20in%20Tropical%20Agriculture%20FAO.pdf

7. Maheshwari. A (2019) Personal communication through email buyershelp+enq@indiamart.com Date: Nov 7, 2019. A. Maheshwari is a sales worker for IndiaMart.com

8. Reis, R. C. R., Pelacani, C. R., Antunes, C. G. C., Dantas, B. F., & Castro, R. D. D. (2012). Physiological quality of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae) seeds subjected to different storage conditions. Revista Árvore, 36(2), 229–235. doi: 10.1590/s0100-67622012000200004. Retreived from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-67622012000200004

9. Rich Art and Craft. (2019). Personal communication through email richartandcraft@gmail.com Date: Nov 7, 2019. Rich Art and Craft is a supplier for Alibaba

10. Seed & Genebank. (n.d.). World Agroforesty Centre. Retrieved November 7, 2019. Retreived from http://old.worldagroforestry.org/products/grunew/index.php/seeds.

11. Smith, O. B. (n.d.). Fodder trees and shrubs in range and farming systems in tropical humid Africa. FAO, Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/T0632E04.htm.

12. Wambugu, C., Place, F., & Franzel, S. (2011). Research, development and scaling-up the adoption of fodder shrub innovations in East Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 9(1), 100–109. doi: 10.3763/ijas.2010.0562. Retreived from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3763/ijas.2010.0562

Retrieved from "https://farmpedia.org/index.php?title=Chapters_5.36&oldid=84536"