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  <div class="title"><h1>7.2 - Constant visual inspection for sick plants</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
  <div class="title"><h3>7.2 -Evaluating the use of respirators for small scale farmers to protect them from pesticide sprays </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">
Cassandra Pedersen, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
<div class="hero-img-2">
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<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
<p>Pedersen,C. (2022) Evaluating the use of respirators for small scale farmers to protect them from pesticide sprays, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
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       <h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>
       <h1 class="title-bg">An introduction to the health risks around fertilizers</h1>
         <div class="cont-bg">
         <div class="cont-bg">
           <p>Grafting is a horticultural technique that holds much promise for farmers around the world. To graft, a branch of a tree or shoot of a plant is cut (“scion”) and joined onto a decapitated rootstock (“rootstock”). In a successful graft, the vascular tissues of the scion and rootstock will fuse together. With trees or perennials, a primary benefit of grafting is that it permits rapid propagation of a shoot that has desirable characteristics (e.g. desirable fruits) by taking advantage of an already established root system. Grafting allows mixing and matching of traits from different cultivars (e.g. rootstock that is disease resistant to a shoot that bears desirable fruits). Grafting can usually only take place between two plants of the same genetic family. For instance, successful grafting can occur between plants of the Solanaceae family which includes tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes and tobacco (Kudo, 2007).  Remarkably, grafts can be successful not only within the same species (e.g. tomato with tomato) but also between species (e.g. tomato with eggplant).</p>
           <p>Fertilizers and pesticides can be beneficial for small scale agriculture. However,  without the use proper equipment they can have negative ramifications. There are approximately 55,895,916 cases of non fatal pesticide poisoning reported annually within the continent of Africa (Boedeker et al. 2020). Annually approximately 130 people are reported to perish from pesticide poisoning in this region (Boedeker et al. 2020). Without intervention, these numbers are projected to grow.</p>
 
<p>The toxicity of pesticides varies vastly relative to the chemicals used in each product. LD 50 is the legal medical dose required to kill half the tested population (ChemiSafetyPro, 2016). In essence, the smaller the proportion of LD50 the more toxic it is to the handlers. To put this into context, on average, a mixture of less then 50 mg of agent per kg of dilutant can kill a 155 lb person though 0.3 – 3 ml of oral consumption (Government of British Columbia, 2018). Signs and symptoms of mild pesticide poisoning include: headache, fatigue, blurred vision, loss of appetite with nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, blurred vision associated with excessive tearing, excessive sweating and salivation, and slowed heartbeat often less than 50 beats per minute (O’Malley and O’Malley, 2021). In moderate to more severe cases individuals are unable to walk and will complain of chest discomfort and tightness muscle twitching, involuntary urination and bowel movements, seizures and unconsciousness (O’Malley and O’Malley, 2021).</p>
           <p>One of the main reasons that a plant would be grafted would be out of a desire to maintain certain characteristics of a plant, such as in a fruit tree that would otherwise produce asexually. The offspring of an apple tree, for instance, are not very likely to mimic the parent in terms of flavor, texture. By grafting a branch of the tree with the desired fruit onto a rootstock, the fruit of the resultant tree will be highly similar to those of the parent, and allow for predictable cultivation of specific ‘varieties’ at a large scale.</p>
<p>Measures can be taken to prevent the oral consumption of droplet particles as well as aerosolized exposure to pesticides and fertilizers. For small scale farmers, being sick means the inability to work on their farm, and ultimately can be fatal.</p>
 
</div>
          <p>Grafting is an effective way to not only replicate traits that are culinary, but also agricultural traits such as drought tolerance, cold tolerance, and salinity tolerance, amongst others. For example, rootstock of a plant may have good tolerance to the cold, but may produce less fruit than another variety. When the ‘scion’ of the highly productive plant is placed on the ‘rootstock’ of the cold hardy plant, the plant will often survive and become both cold tolerant and highly productive (Mudge, 2009). </p>
  </div>
 
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
          <p>Grafting allows for individual fruit farmers to respond to market changes faster than if they were to plant a young tree, since fruit will be produced quicker from the combination of mature rootstock and scion than from a younger tree (Hart, 2005). Consequently, there remains a stronger possibility that this individual will have access to larger markets and higher asking prices for in-demand fruits and vegetables. </p>
      <h1 class="title-bg">A potential solution</h1>
 
        <div class="cont-bg">
<p>Some trees, such as the Baobob tree from the Sahel countries of Africa, are grafted quite easily, with success rates ranging from 80-95% (Maranz, 2008). However, this is not consistent across all species, and does not account for the ‘learning curve’ in practicing proper technique. Maranz (2008) notes that ‘exotic’ varieties of Baobob (those from other Sahel countries) have superior nutritional benefits, and determines that grafting represents an interesting possibility for developing a market for the new varieties, since the local variety has far superior basal diameter, tree height, and resistance to termites. Assah (2011) details the possibility of an emerging market for three novel Alanblackia species in Africa for its nutritive, medicinal, cosmetic, and detergent properties. These species could be grafted onto locally available rootstock for local production to take place. Mudge (2009) details the grafting of Ceara rubber tree onto a cassava rootstock, for the purpose of invigorating the rootstock. The resulting yield of cassava tubers was increased by 30-100% depending on the combination of species. </p>
           <p>A respirator is a device created to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous particulates, materials carried in gases, vapors, fumes, airborne microorganisms, and dusts. The respirator filters out matter from entering into the mouth, esophagus and lungs through filters situated at the front of the breathing apparatus, while allowing the user to intake clean air (Sapbamrer et al., 2021). Respirators can protect farmers from intaking pesticides and thus help to prevent pesticide poisoning while also reducing the potential exposure to carcinogenic’s and other hazardous chemicals that can be found in unregulated pesticides (Sapbamrer et al., 2021). These apparatuses can be applied to the spaying of pesticides as well as but not limited to construction, the cleaning of farm equipment and cattle sheds.  Respirators can be re-used, and as such they can be shared throughout communities with proper coordination.</p>
 
<p>On the market currently there are many different types of respirators but not all are able to protect from chemical compound exposure. N95. N99 and N100 are all not effective against chemical exposure, but rather they are used within the medical field for the prevention of the spread and intake of infectious diseases. The R95, R99, and R100 respirators, however, are effective at limiting chemical exposure but they only have a life span of 8 hours meaning they are not a cost effective long term solution. The respirators on the market that are both effective and reusable are the P95, P99, and P100 models, as such they are the ideal respirators for this solution.</p>
    </div>
</div>
  </div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
      <h1 class="title-bg">Implementation and distribution of respirators </h1>
        <div class="cont-bg">
<p>There is innovation in the respirator industry in Africa due to Covid 19, although traditionally they have been poorly accessible within rural Africa (van der Merwe, 2021). This is to say that the potential to develop respirators locally and not rely on intercontinental shipments is now a potential option and could vastly cut down the overhead cost of development. Cross continental shipping fees can be expensive and also leave a larger margin for delays and problems. African countries that could have the capabilities of producing respirators domestically are Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa, and Egypt (van der Merwe, 2021). Using local distribution channels, it may be possible to get the products to rural farming villages. The best method of getting the product to the target consumers would be through local farm organizations as well as local markets.</p>
<p>During the implementation process, someone locally respected with an understanding of how the respirators work to explain them to farmers would improve their adoption compared solely on textual facts. This could be a very good way to get women involved within the process so that they can be in the forefront. Such participatory initiatives also represent a good opportunity to involve women within the design, manufacturing and knowledge transfer processes – to ensure equipment is the appropriate size for example.</p>  
</div>
  </div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
      <h1 class="title-bg">Cost analysis </h1>
        <div class="cont-bg">
<p>The cost of a respirator can be broken down into two sub categories: the cost of the apparatus which takes into account manufacturing costs, and second, the cost of shipping/ delivering the product. The average price of a full face respirator can range from $11 - $19 (Alibaba, 2021) on the lower end of the price spectrum. Respirators are reusable and are in theory a one time expense, not including replacement filters. Replacement filters cost $1-2 per filter, plus shipping costs (Alibaba, 2021). The largest cost becomes the cost of replacement filters over time.</p>
<p>Shipping costs can vary considerably. For example the cost of shipping 1 tonne per km along the route from Durban, South Africa to Lusaka in Zambia is $0.06 USD (Teravaninthorn, 2012), however from Douala (Cameroon) to N’djamena (Chad) is $0.11 USD (Teravaninthorn, 2012). The varying shipping and transport costs are higher within Africa compared to other parts of the world, but even within Africa the costs very because of variable fuel costs, age of fleet trucks (older trucks tend to have higher fuel consumption) and poor road conditions.</p>  
</div>
   </div>
   </div>
 
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
  <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
       <h1 class="title-bg">Critical analysis</h1>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Critical analysis</h3>
         <div class="cont-bg">
         <div class="cont-bg">
          <p>Grafting at a large scale is labour intensive, and does require some training. The success rate of grafting is highly variable depending on species; research should be performed on the specific species to determine average success rates, or a test plot should be initiated (Mudge, 2009).
<p>The three main points where potential problems may arise is determining the cost of distribution, distribution constraints and the likelihood the product will be accepted. The major cost uncertainty is due to variation in the cost of freight; this could be offset by agricultural organizations or a sponsor company. Sending products out through hub points can be effective but the cost of shipping will still remain volatile and variable depending on the region.  As far as distribution constraints, due to the poor roads and bridges, there may be long wait times. The speed of over land travel can range from anywhere to 25 to 50 kilometers per day in parts of Africa (Teravaninthorn, 2012). When analyzing the likelihood of whether or not respirators will be successful, we have to take into consideration the potential for their rejection which requires thoughtful training and implementation to improve their adoption by small scale farmers. Other reasons for issues with adopting respirators include the procedural changes required to use respirators, the associated discomfort of the masks (e.g. more sweat), the potential cost increase (include to change filters due dirt and sweat) and potential for fake PPE. With the recent COVID 19 pandemic, there has been an onslaught of fake PPE reaching the market at discounted rates, and as a result, consumers and users have a lack of trust in PPE and those who distribute it</p>  
There is an ongoing debate about the possibility of the transference of genetic material from scion to rootstock and how this affects the ‘heritage’ of traditional varieties (Mudge, 2009).</p>
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       <h1 class="title-bg">Conclusion</h1>
       <h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Practical tips</h3>
         <div class="cont-bg">
         <div style="background: #FFD8A4;padding: 15px;font-weight: 400;color: #212529;font-size: 16px;margin:unset;line-height: 1.5;">
<p>In conclusion, the most efficient way of dealing with the health related issues caused by prolonged exposure to pesticides/fertilizers and their mishandling is to provide respirators to farmers within Africa as well as South Asia. The benefit to small scale farmers is the prevention of potentially fatal and avoidable illness which could take away from their ability to provide for their families.</p>
          <p>The University of Minnesota has a comprehensive manual on grafting, including timing, species selection, and materials needed. </p>
</div>
          <p>The University of Arizona publishes free ‘how-to’ videos on vegetable grafting. While limited to tomatoes, curcubits and eggplants, many of the principles remain the same. </p>
    </div>
   </div>
   </div>
   
  <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
  <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
       <h1 class="title-bg">Helpful links</h1>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Usefull Images</h3>
         <div class="cont-bg">
         <div class="cont-bg">
            <div class="row" style="display:flex; justify-content: space-between;padding:35px 25px;">
          <p>https://youtu.be/yBg2B2BP9nA
              <div class="column" style="max-width: 28%;">
- Link to how to properly use the respirator and a breakdown of its individual part</p>
                <div class="card">
                  <div class="fakeimg fakeimg-use">[[File:1.jpg]]</div>
                </div>
              </div>


              <div class="column" style="max-width: 28%;">
<p>https://youtu.be/GLllZ-qiXJA
                <div class="card">
- link to a brief history in the question do we really need pesticides</p>  
                  <div class="fakeimg fakeimg-use">[[File:2.jpg]]</div>
                </div>
              </div>


              <div class="column" style="max-width: 28%;">
<p>https://youtu.be/kfgPR2yF8Cg
                <div class="card">
- Link to PPE related to spraying pesticides</p>
                  <div class="fakeimg fakeimg-use">[[File:3.jpg]]</div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>


            <div class="row" style="display:flex; justify-content: space-between;padding:35px 25px;">
<p>https://youtu.be/TenRNA_usxA
              <div class="column" style="max-width: 28%;">
- link to how to spray pesticides to prevent backsplash with the knapsack sprayers</p>
                <div class="card">
                  <div class="fakeimg fakeimg-use">[[File:4.jpg]]</div>
                </div>
              </div>


              <div class="column" style="max-width: 28%;">
<p>https://youtu.be/aooaY6mttPE
                <div class="card">
- link how to mix and load your pesticide sprayers</p>
                  <div class="fakeimg fakeimg-use">[[File:5.jpg]]</div>
                </div>
              </div>


              <div class="column" style="max-width: 28%;">
<p>https://youtu.be/Ln_Lp-liMoE
                <div class="card">
- link to how to properly use pesticide sprayers</p>
                  <div class="fakeimg fakeimg-use">[[File:6.jpg]]</div>
 
                </div>
<p>https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/3M-6200-2091cn-P100-Grade-Particulate_62525995333.html
              </div>
- link to acceptable respirator though wholesale</p>
            </div>
         </div>
         </div>
     </div>  
     </div>
 
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
  <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
       <h1 class="title-bg">References</h1>
       <h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>
         <div class="cont-bg">
         <div class="cont-bg">
           <p>Asaah, E., Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngahane, W., Tsobeng, A., Kouodiekong, L., Jamnadass, R., & Simons, A. (2011). Allanblackia floribunda: A new oil tree crop for africa: Amenability to grafting. New Forests, 41(3), 389-398.
           <p>1. Alibaba (2021) Full Face Respirators-Full Face Respirators Manufacturers, Suppliers and Exporters on Alibaba.comWelding Helmets. Alibaba. https://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=FULL+FACE+RESPORATORS&viewtype=&tab=\</p>
Hart, T., & Burgess, R. (2005). Grafting keeps farmer in the export market. Appropriate Technology, 32(3), 13-14. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200037126?accountid=11233
<p>2. Boedeker, W. Watts, M., Clausing, P. and Marquez, E. 2020 The Global Distribution of Acute Unintentional Pesticide Poisoning: Estimations Based on a Systematic Review. BMC Public Health 20, 1875, https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09939-0/tables/8.</p>
Kudo,  & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.
<p>3. ChemSafetyPro (2016) Definition of Toxicological Dose Descriptors (LD50, LC50, EC50, NOAEL, LOAEL, etc). http://www.chemsafetypro.com/Topics/CRA/Toxicology_Dose_Descriptors.html</p>
Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239.  
<p>4. Government of British Columbia (2016) Pesticide Toxicity and Hazard - Gov.bc.ca. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/agriculture-and-seafood/animal-and-crops/plant-health/pesticide-toxicity-hazard.pdf?bcgovtm=2free</p>
Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews.,437-493. </p>
<p>5. Government of Canada (2021) Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Pesticides - Health Effects: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 29 Sept. 2021, https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/pesticides/health_effects.html</p>
<p>6. O’Malley, G. F., & O’Malley, R. (2021). Insecticide Poisoning. Merck Manual Consumer Version. Merck, Grand strand, Calgary  https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/injuries-and-poisoning/poisoning/insecticide-poisoning</p>
<p>7. Sapbamrer, R., Hongsibsong, S., Naksata, M., & Naksata, W. (2021). Insecticide Filtration Efficiency of Respiratory Protective Equipment Commonly Worn by Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052624</p>
<p>8. Teravaninthorn, S. (2012). Transport Prices and Costs in Africa: A Review of the International Corridors. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Https://Openknowledge.Worldbank.Org/Handle/10986/6610. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6610</p>
<p>9. van der Merwe, C. (2021). South Africa’s ventilator project shows value of basic research. Research Professional News, South Africa. https://researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-africa-south-2021-6-south-africa-s-ventilator-project-shows-value-of-basic-research/</p>
    </div>
  </div>
  </div>
</div>
</div>

Latest revision as of 19:28, 27 June 2022

7.2 -Evaluating the use of respirators for small scale farmers to protect them from pesticide sprays


Cassandra Pedersen, University of Guelph, Canada

4.jpg

Suggested citation for this chapter.

Pedersen,C. (2022) Evaluating the use of respirators for small scale farmers to protect them from pesticide sprays, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org

An introduction to the health risks around fertilizers

Fertilizers and pesticides can be beneficial for small scale agriculture. However, without the use proper equipment they can have negative ramifications. There are approximately 55,895,916 cases of non fatal pesticide poisoning reported annually within the continent of Africa (Boedeker et al. 2020). Annually approximately 130 people are reported to perish from pesticide poisoning in this region (Boedeker et al. 2020). Without intervention, these numbers are projected to grow.

The toxicity of pesticides varies vastly relative to the chemicals used in each product. LD 50 is the legal medical dose required to kill half the tested population (ChemiSafetyPro, 2016). In essence, the smaller the proportion of LD50 the more toxic it is to the handlers. To put this into context, on average, a mixture of less then 50 mg of agent per kg of dilutant can kill a 155 lb person though 0.3 – 3 ml of oral consumption (Government of British Columbia, 2018). Signs and symptoms of mild pesticide poisoning include: headache, fatigue, blurred vision, loss of appetite with nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, blurred vision associated with excessive tearing, excessive sweating and salivation, and slowed heartbeat often less than 50 beats per minute (O’Malley and O’Malley, 2021). In moderate to more severe cases individuals are unable to walk and will complain of chest discomfort and tightness muscle twitching, involuntary urination and bowel movements, seizures and unconsciousness (O’Malley and O’Malley, 2021).

Measures can be taken to prevent the oral consumption of droplet particles as well as aerosolized exposure to pesticides and fertilizers. For small scale farmers, being sick means the inability to work on their farm, and ultimately can be fatal.

A potential solution

A respirator is a device created to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous particulates, materials carried in gases, vapors, fumes, airborne microorganisms, and dusts. The respirator filters out matter from entering into the mouth, esophagus and lungs through filters situated at the front of the breathing apparatus, while allowing the user to intake clean air (Sapbamrer et al., 2021). Respirators can protect farmers from intaking pesticides and thus help to prevent pesticide poisoning while also reducing the potential exposure to carcinogenic’s and other hazardous chemicals that can be found in unregulated pesticides (Sapbamrer et al., 2021). These apparatuses can be applied to the spaying of pesticides as well as but not limited to construction, the cleaning of farm equipment and cattle sheds. Respirators can be re-used, and as such they can be shared throughout communities with proper coordination.

On the market currently there are many different types of respirators but not all are able to protect from chemical compound exposure. N95. N99 and N100 are all not effective against chemical exposure, but rather they are used within the medical field for the prevention of the spread and intake of infectious diseases. The R95, R99, and R100 respirators, however, are effective at limiting chemical exposure but they only have a life span of 8 hours meaning they are not a cost effective long term solution. The respirators on the market that are both effective and reusable are the P95, P99, and P100 models, as such they are the ideal respirators for this solution.

Implementation and distribution of respirators

There is innovation in the respirator industry in Africa due to Covid 19, although traditionally they have been poorly accessible within rural Africa (van der Merwe, 2021). This is to say that the potential to develop respirators locally and not rely on intercontinental shipments is now a potential option and could vastly cut down the overhead cost of development. Cross continental shipping fees can be expensive and also leave a larger margin for delays and problems. African countries that could have the capabilities of producing respirators domestically are Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa, and Egypt (van der Merwe, 2021). Using local distribution channels, it may be possible to get the products to rural farming villages. The best method of getting the product to the target consumers would be through local farm organizations as well as local markets.

During the implementation process, someone locally respected with an understanding of how the respirators work to explain them to farmers would improve their adoption compared solely on textual facts. This could be a very good way to get women involved within the process so that they can be in the forefront. Such participatory initiatives also represent a good opportunity to involve women within the design, manufacturing and knowledge transfer processes – to ensure equipment is the appropriate size for example.

Cost analysis

The cost of a respirator can be broken down into two sub categories: the cost of the apparatus which takes into account manufacturing costs, and second, the cost of shipping/ delivering the product. The average price of a full face respirator can range from $11 - $19 (Alibaba, 2021) on the lower end of the price spectrum. Respirators are reusable and are in theory a one time expense, not including replacement filters. Replacement filters cost $1-2 per filter, plus shipping costs (Alibaba, 2021). The largest cost becomes the cost of replacement filters over time.

Shipping costs can vary considerably. For example the cost of shipping 1 tonne per km along the route from Durban, South Africa to Lusaka in Zambia is $0.06 USD (Teravaninthorn, 2012), however from Douala (Cameroon) to N’djamena (Chad) is $0.11 USD (Teravaninthorn, 2012). The varying shipping and transport costs are higher within Africa compared to other parts of the world, but even within Africa the costs very because of variable fuel costs, age of fleet trucks (older trucks tend to have higher fuel consumption) and poor road conditions.

Critical analysis

The three main points where potential problems may arise is determining the cost of distribution, distribution constraints and the likelihood the product will be accepted. The major cost uncertainty is due to variation in the cost of freight; this could be offset by agricultural organizations or a sponsor company. Sending products out through hub points can be effective but the cost of shipping will still remain volatile and variable depending on the region. As far as distribution constraints, due to the poor roads and bridges, there may be long wait times. The speed of over land travel can range from anywhere to 25 to 50 kilometers per day in parts of Africa (Teravaninthorn, 2012). When analyzing the likelihood of whether or not respirators will be successful, we have to take into consideration the potential for their rejection which requires thoughtful training and implementation to improve their adoption by small scale farmers. Other reasons for issues with adopting respirators include the procedural changes required to use respirators, the associated discomfort of the masks (e.g. more sweat), the potential cost increase (include to change filters due dirt and sweat) and potential for fake PPE. With the recent COVID 19 pandemic, there has been an onslaught of fake PPE reaching the market at discounted rates, and as a result, consumers and users have a lack of trust in PPE and those who distribute it

Conclusion

In conclusion, the most efficient way of dealing with the health related issues caused by prolonged exposure to pesticides/fertilizers and their mishandling is to provide respirators to farmers within Africa as well as South Asia. The benefit to small scale farmers is the prevention of potentially fatal and avoidable illness which could take away from their ability to provide for their families.

Helpful links

https://youtu.be/yBg2B2BP9nA - Link to how to properly use the respirator and a breakdown of its individual part

https://youtu.be/GLllZ-qiXJA - link to a brief history in the question do we really need pesticides

https://youtu.be/kfgPR2yF8Cg - Link to PPE related to spraying pesticides

https://youtu.be/TenRNA_usxA - link to how to spray pesticides to prevent backsplash with the knapsack sprayers

https://youtu.be/aooaY6mttPE - link how to mix and load your pesticide sprayers

https://youtu.be/Ln_Lp-liMoE - link to how to properly use pesticide sprayers

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/3M-6200-2091cn-P100-Grade-Particulate_62525995333.html - link to acceptable respirator though wholesale

References

1. Alibaba (2021) Full Face Respirators-Full Face Respirators Manufacturers, Suppliers and Exporters on Alibaba.comWelding Helmets. Alibaba. https://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=FULL+FACE+RESPORATORS&viewtype=&tab=\

2. Boedeker, W. Watts, M., Clausing, P. and Marquez, E. 2020 The Global Distribution of Acute Unintentional Pesticide Poisoning: Estimations Based on a Systematic Review. BMC Public Health 20, 1875, https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09939-0/tables/8.

3. ChemSafetyPro (2016) Definition of Toxicological Dose Descriptors (LD50, LC50, EC50, NOAEL, LOAEL, etc). http://www.chemsafetypro.com/Topics/CRA/Toxicology_Dose_Descriptors.html

4. Government of British Columbia (2016) Pesticide Toxicity and Hazard - Gov.bc.ca. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/agriculture-and-seafood/animal-and-crops/plant-health/pesticide-toxicity-hazard.pdf?bcgovtm=2free

5. Government of Canada (2021) Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Pesticides - Health Effects: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 29 Sept. 2021, https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/pesticides/health_effects.html

6. O’Malley, G. F., & O’Malley, R. (2021). Insecticide Poisoning. Merck Manual Consumer Version. Merck, Grand strand, Calgary https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/injuries-and-poisoning/poisoning/insecticide-poisoning

7. Sapbamrer, R., Hongsibsong, S., Naksata, M., & Naksata, W. (2021). Insecticide Filtration Efficiency of Respiratory Protective Equipment Commonly Worn by Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052624

8. Teravaninthorn, S. (2012). Transport Prices and Costs in Africa: A Review of the International Corridors. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Https://Openknowledge.Worldbank.Org/Handle/10986/6610. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6610

9. van der Merwe, C. (2021). South Africa’s ventilator project shows value of basic research. Research Professional News, South Africa. https://researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-africa-south-2021-6-south-africa-s-ventilator-project-shows-value-of-basic-research/

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