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<div class="title"><h3>5.55 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>
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<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
<p>Candido,J. (2022) Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change, In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
      <h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>
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          <p>During the formation of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, or CIAT, in 1967, headquartered in Colombia, the vast majority of starving and malnourished people residing in tropical and sub-tropical regions were smallholder farmers (CIAT, 2017). Thus, the goal of increasing yield potential became a primary priority for CIAT (CIAT, 2017). The current areas of concern are in regard to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production systems, the landscapes where its production occurs, and its yield potential (CIAT, 2015). Millions of farmers within Africa and Latin America depend on high yield outcomes from their bean crops not only to provide food but also to provide an income for themselves and their families. However, due to the high demand of the crop and the drastic effects of climate change, farmers continue to struggle to meet the needs of consumers (CIAT, 2015).</p>
<p>Throughout the previous several decades, the impacts of climate change have been worsening (IFPRI, 2009). Climate change projections state that regions in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean will be greatly affected by an increase of drought conditions and a rise in average annual temperatures. Due to these conditions, the threats to agricultural production within these land areas are escalating (IFPRI, 2009). Within these regions, the common bean is a staple crop; beans are often referred to as “the meat of the poor” (CIAT, 2016). They contain high levels of protein, fibre, vitamins and micronutrients. An estimated 400 million people residing in the tropics consume beans in their daily diet due to their high nutritional content (CIAT, 2016).</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Benefits of Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties to Small Scale Farmers </h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
 
<p>The world’s largest and most diverse collection of beans is preserved by CIAT (CIAT, 2015). Beans were domesticated within the neo-tropics thousands of years ago, which is where the majority of CIAT’s germplasm originated. With such an extensive range of beans available, the seed bank contains many options for farmers; a variety of colours, nutritional content, and production requirements can be found within these different strains (CIAT, 2015).</p>
<p>Within the previous 15 years, researchers at the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR), CIAT’s umbrella organization, have created incredible advances towards solving issues surrounding drought, and increasing the heat-tolerance and nutritional content levels within common bean varieties (CIAT, 2015). CIAT researchers have been able to identify lines that display a tolerance to a 3˚C increase in temperature. These lines derive from a variety of crosses between common and tepary bean species (Phaseolus acutifolius). Currently cultivated traditional bean varieties have been projected to suffer a 20-50% loss by 2050, whereas heat-tolerant bred beans are projected to suffer minimal losses within that same time period (CIAT, 2015).</p>
 
<p>In order for the new bean varieties to have drought resistant qualities, different traits from different genetic groups were required (Beebe, 2014). Many of the traits which are linked to drought resistance were found within both bean roots and shoots. In order to guarantee a higher success rate of the bean plant, a lengthy root system was required. Additionally, early maturation of the bean crops was a common tactic to combat drought tolerance. A total of 36 genotypes were tested in 2009 during a growing season with significant drought stress. Table 1 shows the field trial results of 5 genotypes grown under different field conditions (Beebe, 2014).</P>
 
<p>Table 1. Drought associated traits associated with improved bean genotypes </p>
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<p>The crops were managed by the irrigation systems for up to 25 days following planting. In order to induce drought stress, the crops were fed a total of 105 mm of water initially followed by an allotted amount of 59 mm of rainwater. An analysis of these trials recommended that the most elite drought tolerant lines expressed heightened stomatal control of transpiration and contained Mexican genetics (Beebe, 2014).</p>
 
<p>Since 1996, The Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) has released over 550 new drought resistant bean varieties to many of the countries within Africa in co-ordination with assistance from CIAT (CIAT, 2016). Utilizing germplasm available, the new varieties of beans (known as BIO101 and BIO107) contain 60% more iron and 50% more zinc than those of traditional bean crops. Following the creation of these specially bred beans, a trial with pregnant and young women in Rwanda discovered that the new varieties of beans reduced iron-deficiency and increased immune system strength in each of the women (CIAT, 2016). With these new advances, PABRA will assist future production by making the crops more resilient to climate change threats while simultaneously targeting direct effects on the human population (CIAT, 2015).</p>
 
<p>The regions within Latin America, Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa contain the highest percentage of women participating in the agricultural sector. It is within these regions that 60% of the total agricultural production is completed by women (Huyer, 2016). In the world’s least developed regions, 79% of the women contributing to their national economy report that they work in the agriculture sector (Huyer, 2016). When women engage in the agricultural production (with new technologies such as heat-tolerant bean varieties) it creates a sense of empowerment and thus builds essential assets, which the women are then able to use in all other aspects of their lives (Muriel, 2019). With the climate change innovations available within common bean variety crops, female farmers are considered to be important influences (Huyer, 2016). When the women’s knowledge of available innovative resources and access to information increases, it establishes an increase in food supply as well as a more resilient community. Likewise, an attempt is made to close the gender gap, thus providing a higher chance for equal opportunities between both men and women (Huyer, 2016), which would in turn help to positively shape the future of those regions affected.</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Gender Issues Associated with Production of Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties </h3>
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<p>If the farmers, though especially female farmers, are not able to utilize and benefit from these new seed varieties, the food supply decreases and the gender gap increases, which diminishes the resiliency of the community (Huyer, 2016). Additionally, since very little information is available with regards to how poor regions with higher gender discrepancy respond to the threats and impacts of climate change within agricultural production, it is difficult to forecast results for future decades (Huyer, 2016).</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Production of Drought Tolerant Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) in Arid Regions </h3>
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<p>It is necessary that farmers are equipped with all of the relevant information required to achieve the highest quality results from their newly adapted bean varieties (PABRA, 2016). Becoming knowledgeable about land preparation, crop management and harvesting is vital to ensuring success within production systems. Integrated crop management (ICM) is a holistic approach utilized by PABRA that assists farmers throughout their cultivation. The desired outcome from ICM is to give smallholder farmers access to cost-effective, climate change resistant crops. This is achieved by working with many international partners. Multiple techniques exist within ICM such as pest management, soil quality, planting and intercropping. With such techniques, approximately six million farmers have been able to improve their bean yields. The ICM research encompasses a variety of areas:</p>
<p>-    Cropping systems: Assessing the different varieties of beans while comparing the benefits of intercropping and rotation.</p> 
<p>-    Inputs: Evaluating the varieties of fertilisers available which are best suitable for the farmer’s chosen bean variety.</p>
<p>-    Water Management: In order to combat the negative effects of climate change and drought, improved practices regarding irrigation and water conservation are fundamental. </p>
<p>-    Soil Fertility: By working with the technologies available within the private sector, this promotes biological nitrogen fixation capabilities which increases yield potential.</p> 
<p>-    Pest and Disease Management: Bean varieties are frequently affected by an array of pests and diseases which have very negative effects on crop yields. PABRA analyses integrated pest management systems with utilization of both biological and chemical methods (PABRA, 2016).</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Helpful Links to Get Started </h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
<p>Resource for Requesting Seeds:</p>
<p>https://genebank.ciat.cgiar.org/genebank/inforequestmaterial.do</p>
<p>CIAT innovations on heat-tolerant beans:</p>
<p>https://blog.ciat.cgiar.org/heat-tolerant-wild-beans-tapped-to-breed-commercial-beans-for-hotter-climates/</p>
<p>What is ‘Seed Security’?</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvqSaw49wnE</p>
<p>Agricultural Business Skills for seed-producers:</p>
<p>https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/54569/handbook_3_english.pdf</p>
<p>Crop Management:</p>
<p>https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/newsroom/features/?&cid=nrcs143_023350</p>
<p>Smallholder Farmers Stories Who Have Adopted Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties:</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2UqFbnOc6U</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3D3DiZ4I-8</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd4RS66FMJM&t=8s</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>
        <div class="cont-bg">
 
<p>1. Beebe, S.E., et al. (2014) Common beans, biodiversity, and multiple stresses:
a. challenges of drought resistance in tropical soils. Crop and Pasture Science 65, 667-675. Retrieved from https://www.publish.csiro.au/cp/cp13303</p>
<p>2. Buruchara, R. (2011). Development and Delivery of Bean Varieties in Africa: The Pan-
a. African Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) Model, p.227-245. African Crop Science Journal. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/74168/64827</p>
<p>3. Huyer, S, et al. (2016). CCAFS Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy, p.8-11. The
a. Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/72900</p>
<p>4. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). (2009). Climate Change: Impact
a. on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. Retrieved from https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1Vpe0JvYTJYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&ots=Xmu2c8Swla&sig=GX4sDC1DiDa7I5408r0a3nz2sJo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</p>
<p>5. Muriel, J., et al. (2019). The Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index
a. (A-WEIA). Project Results for ‘His and Hers, Time and Income: How Intra Household Dynamics Impact Nutrition in Agricultural Households’. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/101141</p>
<p>6. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2015). Developing Beans that
a. Can Beat the Heat. The Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/articulos_ciat/biblioteca/DEVELOPING_BEANS_THAT_CAN_BEAT_THE_HEAT_lowres%20(2).pdf</p>
<p>7. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2016). Beans. Retrieved from
a. https://ciat.cgiar.org/what-we-do/breeding-better-crops/beans/.</p>
<p>8. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2017). Fifty Years and Fifty
a. Wins, p.4-18. The Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/89145/50_WINS_WEB02.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</p>

Latest revision as of 13:22, 4 September 2024

5.55 -Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa Project


Jacoba Saynor, University of Guelph, Canada

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Suggested citation for this chapter.

Saynor,J. (2022) Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa Project, In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org

What is the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa Project

<pIn 2006 the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa Project (DTMAP) was launched, as an effort to increase crop yields for subsistence farmers, thus promoting food security (Abate, 2007). Sixty new seed varieties were developed to decreased the amount of crop loss per season in order to increase the crop yield which is directly correlated to malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Maize is one of the most grown and consumed cereals across the globe, and the greatest source of daily calories for many African families (Abate, 2007). DTMAP increased maize yields from 20-30%, which benefited 30-40 million people in 13 African countries (Angola, Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe) across the continent. The project was supported by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) as well as the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA). The value of the grain increased to reach US $160-200 million each year despite persistent drought, because farmers adopted the drought tolerant maize. DTMAP was supported by a multitude of universities across the globe as well as many organizations and foundations (Abate, 2007).

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HYPERLINK "http://dtma.cimmyt.org/index.php/publications/doc_view/196-a-new-generation-of-maize-for-africa"

Figure 1. The chart above outlines all aspects of the Drought Tolerant Maize Variety for Africa Project. By clicking on the hyperlink embedded in the photo you will have full access to the pdf. Source of figure: Abate, 2007.

Background Topics Affecting Drought Tolerant Maize Implementation

Climate Change:

With rising temperatures across the globe, subsistence farmers have been faced with higher levels of drought than in the past, and approximately 40% of farmers now face drought stress (Abate, 2007) The increased dry periods have created many challenges for crop yields, especially for maize since each plant requires 25 inches of water throughout its growth period, whereas most Sub-Saharan African countries only receive <450-1200 mm of rain annually. This lack of moisture creates a great challenge for farmers all over the globe; farmers are facing10-25% crop loss per season; this is why in 2006 The Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa Project was first introduced (Abate, 2007).

What is Drought Tolerant Maize (DTM)

Drought Tolerant Maize are hybrid seeds that is more resistant towards dry periods and have higher yields under drought. DTM was bred through conventional breeding techniques; the maize varieties were not genetically modified. There were 60 different maize varieties released in Africa; they vary along with the countries climate (Abate,2007) as seen later under the subsection “Maize That is Well Adapted to All Climates”.

Awareness of Seed Variety:

As previously mentioned there are many farmers across Africa that do not have access to the markets where the seeds are sold, which becomes an issue in terms of awareness of the seed variety as well. Since the farmers live in such remote locations it becomes difficult to inform the farmers of the seed variety. It was also mentioned in one of the case studies that there was a case of poor labeling on the packaging of the DTM, so consumers were unable to identify what they were buying so they would instead buy recycled parent seed as an alternative (Lunduka, 2019).

Case Studies Outside of CIMMYT:

Since the DTMAP ended in 2015, Tesfamichael Wossen and his colleagues in 2017 evaluated the drought-tolerant maize varieties by measuring the impacts of adaptation to drought stress in rural Nigeria (Wossen, 2017). Wossen explains that by the year 2050, the total output of maize is estimated to decline by 22% in sub-Saharan Africa due to climate change. Wossen's team evaluated how the adoption of this hybrid provided different genetic variation from the original parent crop; as well as to how the development of this hybrid impacts food security and poverty within rural Nigeria. The team worked specifically where rainfall and climate had significant shifts in temperature each season. The maize variety that was selected for farming was that of a high yielding variant while taking into consideration high dry periods as well as the desired growing conditions of maize (Wossen, 2017). The results were as follows: The adoption of the DT maize variety increased farmers yields, had they not adopted the DTMV farmers would have faced a decline of 13.3%. Household welfare was positively impacted by the adoption of the drought tolerant variety, since it allowed for higher yields, it is estimated that if farmers had not adopted this maize variety food scarcity would have been 84% higher (Wossen,2017).

The Economic Costs:

When there is a drought, the economic costs are extremely high as well as increased malnourishment. The study compared smallholder farmers that did adopt the improved maize variety and those who did not; the results showed that overall poverty would have been 12.9% higher than if they had not adopted it (Wossen, 2017). This case study gave an excellent overview, at the farm level, of the results of the implementation of drought tolerant maize. Other case studies done in Nigeria found similar issues with the project, with the major limitation being the cost of DTM seeds. The initial investment was too great for smallholder farmers, despite the obvious yield advantage (Tambo, 2012).

In another study conducted in rural Nigeria Tambo (Tambo,2012) discusses the cost of recycled seed costs versus the Drought Tolerant Maize (DTM). The cost of recycled seed was 120 naira per 2.5 kilograms of seed, equivalent to $US 0.33, whereas the DTM cost anywhere from 200-300 naira ($US 0.55-0.83), which most farmers cannot afford despite the significant economic and socio economic advantage (Tambo,2012).

Accessibility to Seed:

One of the greatest problems of the launching of these hybrids faced was the lack of access to the markets where the seeds were sold to farmers. There were numerous cases where farmers who lived in remote locations did not have access to the markets where they were sold (Tambo, 2012). In comparison to the average seed cost of corn, the Drought Tolerant Maize Varieties (DTMV) were much more costly upfront as opposed to the regular maize seeds, and hence the initial investment was too great for many to afford (Tambo, 2012).

Maize That is Well Adapted to All Climates:

There is not one single hybrid that was bred, but rather 60 different drought tolerant hybrids, adapted to different climates (Abate, 2007).

Table 1. Example of some of the maize varieties that were developed in Angola through the project. By clicking on the hyperlink, one can see all the varieties developed through the project.

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HYPERLINK "http://dtma.cimmyt.org/index.php/varieties/dt-maize-varieties" Source: (Abate,2007)

How can subsistence farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa adopt the Drought Tolerant Maize varieties today

By visiting the CIMMYT website today under “Seed request”, one can request maize seed which is essentially free to any public sector organization: See the links below.

Additional Long Term Benefits:

On top of fighting drought, the DTM varieties were also bred to fight against major diseases. For example, Tambo discusses how the DTMV was created to fight not only against drought but also striga which is a common parasitic weed that removes the sugars and nutrients from the roots of corn (Tambo,2012). While conducting their research to produce new hybrids to fight against drought, CIMMYT evaluated the various biotic and abiotic stresses that the plants face.

The abiotic factors being, drought stress, low nitrogen levels in soil and the occasional acidic soil levels. The biotic stresses are so numerous that they cannot be listed, however they studied mainly the fall armyworm and the sugarcane borer. CIMMYT created various hybrids to fight against the Maize Streak Virus(MSV) it is prominent in wetlands and causes growth stunt in plants, and ear rot; they created new hybrids varieties that resist open pollination(OPV) (Wegary,2019).

Helpful links to get started

The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center General Website- https://www.cimmyt.org/

Summary of the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa Project- https://www.cimmyt.org/projects/drought-tolerant-maize-for-africa-dtma/

How to make a seed request through CIMMYT- https://www.cimmyt.org/resources/seed-request/

Leader for the DTMA Project Talks about Why DTM is necessary for farmers in Africa https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pe9Mc-Sh44I

Farmers talk about their experience with DTM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8w6rS_yGQEk

The other major organization (IITA) that supports the Project- https://www.iita.org/

Monsanto Company discusses drought tolerant maize in Kenya through the WEMA project https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BV7SpCNzE84

References

1. Abate, T. (2007). Background. CIMMYT, Mexico. Retrieved from http://dtma.cimmyt.org/index.php/about/background?tmpl=component&print=1&page=.

2. Lunduka, Rodney Witman, et al. (2019) Impact of Adoption of Drought-Tolerant Maize Varieties on Total Maize Production in South Eastern Zimbabwe. Climate and Development, 11: 43.

3. Tambo, J., and Akpene A.. (2012) Climate Change and Agricultural Technology Adoption: the Case of Drought Tolerant Maize in Rural Nigeria.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 17: 279-290.

4. Wegary, D., Teklewold, A., Prasanna, B., Ertiro, B., Alachiotis, N., Negera, D., . . . Semagn, K. (2019). Molecular diversity and selective sweeps in maize inbred lines adapted to African highlands. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 13490.

5. Wossen, Tesfamicheal, et al. Measuring the Impacts of Adaptation Strategies to Drought Stress: The Case of Drought Tolerant Maize Varieties. Journal of Environmental Management, 203, 106-112,.

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