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  <div class="title"><h1>8.1 - Tree fruit harvesting tool</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
  <div class="title"><h3>8.1- Tree fruit harvesting tools for smallholder farmers</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Meghan Kossen, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>
<p> Kossen,M (2022) Tree fruit harvesting tools for smallholder farmers. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Background for Tree Fruit Harvesting</h3>
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          <p>The world’s 1 billion women and girls participating in subsistence farming pull weeds by hand to improve their crops and also collect firewood for cooking, resulting in their hands becoming rough and sore (Figure 1). This can be caused by wood splinters being lodged into their skin (Schaffner, 2013). Pulling weeds for hours on end can peel away layers of skin (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). The hands of those farmers can also become dirty and smelly from planting seeds in the soil or spreading manure by hand. To avoid the common aforementioned problems as well as hand injuries, such as cuts and scrapes, they could wear gloves on their hands, see the second picture, (Schaffner, 2013). Gloves are very common in the modern world and can be used for construction, farming, and medical practices. Gloves provide a durable layer between the skin on your hands and whatever you are working with (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). There are a few different materials used to make gloves, along with different sizes and grips. With over one billion women and girls working on farms around the world, this grueling work can be made safer and more efficient when wearing gloves.</p>
<p>The selling price of tree fruit is entirely dependent on the quality and condition of the fruit when brought to market (Burden & Willis, 1989). This can be drastically impacted by the methods of handling during the harvesting process. Bacteria and fungi can penetrate fruit that has been bruised or cut. Further, this can accelerate water loss which leads to the rapid deterioration of the fruit (Palipane & Rolle, 2008). In developing countries, most tree fruits are harvested by hand (Palterini, n.d.). While hand-harvesting methods can result is less damage to the fruit than may occur during mechanized harvesting, this method can be laborious and can lead to physical ailments of smallholder farmers. Currently, climbing trees is the most common method of tree fruit harvesting, and this task is typically undertaken by children. This method is risky and can easily lead to injury.</p>
<P>To minimize labour and tree fruit deterioration, the utilization of simple harvesting tools can be beneficial for smallholder farmers. As well, many fruit trees are too large to be harvested from the ground. Therefore, the use of harvesting tools eliminates the necessity of climbing the tree to harvest by hand. These tools can be specifically designed for the respective fruit being harvested. For example, a harvesting tool for tree fruit occurring in bunches may have several prongs extending from a basket (see Figure 1), while a harvesting tool for plucking papaya may consist of a slanted basket (see Figure 2) (Palipane & Rolle, 2008). However, a universal design, depicted in Figure 3, may consist of a steel ring with a cutting edge in the notch attached to a long pole. A net can then be affixed to the steel ring to collect the fruit as it is detached (Palipane & Rolle, 2008).</p>
<p>[[Image:Plupping_tool.png |thumb|centre|Figure 1. Harvesting tool for plucking of tree fruits occurring in bunches (Palipane & Rollo, 2008).]]</p>
<p>[[Image:Plu_2.png |thumb|centre|Figure 2. Harvesting tool for plucking of papaya (Palipane & Rollo, 2008).]]</p>
<p>[[Image:Pl3.png |thumb|centre|Figure 3. Harvesting tool for the plucking of tree fruits (Palipane & Rollo, 2008).]]</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Benefits of Utilizing Tree Fruit Harvesting Tools</h3>
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<p><b>Improved Fruit Quality:</b> As already mentioned, simple tree fruit harvesting tools, such as picking poles, can significantly minimize damage to fruit and thus minimize the deterioration of the fruit (Palipane & Rollo, 2008). As well, picking poles allow farmers to more precisely cut the stems of tree fruits at their proper lengths. For example, breadfruit stalks require fruit stalks to be cut at a length of 1.5 cm during harvest (Palipane & Rolle, 2008).  


          <p>Rubber and cloth are the two main kinds of gloves produced (Melco, 2016). They both have their own benefits and drawbacks respectively. A benefit from rubber gloves is their ability to resist water from coming in contact with a farmer's skin, see part two, (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). While cloth gloves can be beneficial because they can draw moisture away from their hands and can be easily washed to be cleaned. Because rubber gloves are usually meant to be disposed of after single use they tend to be cheaper to make and thus cheaper to buy. Yet some rubber gloves can be made thicker to reuse and are slightly more durable (Melco, 2016). Cloth gloves are designed to be washed after being used and last a long time under normal working conditions.</p>
<p><b>Reduced Labour and Costs:</b> Tree fruit harvesting tools can minimize both labour and production costs associated with the harvesting process (Khatri, 2022). Many fruit trees are too tall to be harvested from the ground, and without the use of a picking pole, farmers would have to climb the tree to pick the fruit by hand. By utilizing the picking pole, farmers can pick the fruit from the ground with ease, increasing efficiency (Khatri, 2022). This increased efficiency thus allows farmers to harvest larger quantities of fruit within a day. As well, less fruit will be damaged during this process, allowing more fruit to make it to market. This reduces losses for smallholder tree fruit farmers.


          <p>Along with the different materials gloves are made of, there are also different arm lengths. Some gloves are cut off just in front or around the wrist. While others can be up to and over the elbow and everywhere in between (Melco, 2016). The benefits of the shorter gloves is comfort, no bunching around wrist or elbow, and they can be quickly put on or removed. The benefits of the long gloves are more protection, the entire forearm will be covered. All the while there is less of a chance of getting debris in their gloves because the opening is farther away from what you are working with. Farmers can also work in deeper water or mud with the long rubber gloves without getting your hands wet.</p>
<p><b>Improved Physical Health:</b> Hand-harvesting methods for tree fruit exposes farmers to many work-related musculoskeletal disorders (Mohamadden, et al., 2021). Harvesting by hand is a laborious, repetitive activity that can have negative physical health impacts on smallholder farmers. Further, climbing trees to harvest the fruit can be dangerous and easily lead to accidents. The utilization of tree fruit harvesting tools can reduce the negative physical health impacts associated with hand-harvesting methods.</p>
 
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          <p>When working with smooth items such as hoes and some fruits and vegetables they can be slippery (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). A way to help farmer's hold on to the tools is to get gloves with grips (Melco, 2016). Both rubber and cloth gloves can have grips. Rubber gloves will have ridges in the molds to form grips and granular materials can be added to the outside before drying (Melco, 2016). Another option is to make the rubber gloves out of a non-slip rubber (Melco, 2016). Because cloth alone does not provide grip, cloth gloves must be dipped in liquid rubber to be able to grip smooth objects. The rubber used for grips on cloth gloves can either be non-slip smooth rubber or be rigid (Melco, 2016). </p>
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       <h3 class="title-bg">Physical Protection</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Commercial Picking Poles</h3>
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          <p>Protection is the main benefit from using gloves. Repetitive motions, such as when pounding grain, can cause irritation to the skin. When collecting firewood the sticks and logs can scratch or cut the skin (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). Weeds can be rough and by scratching their hands many times they can become cut and sore (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). By lifting and pulling heavy items the top layer of your skin will separate from the next, causing a blister, by wearing gloves they now will prevent blistering because the glove will act as the top layer of skin and prevent the actual skin from separating (Schaffner, 2013). Manure has a lot of bacteria in it which are harmful if they are swallow, so keeping them away from the hands used to eat with is very beneficial (Furlong, et al., 2015). If farmers are working with firewood or in construction the cloth gloves will work better because they are more durable (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). The disposable rubber gloves would be the worst to use in this scenario because they are so thin, stick to jobs were the main goals are to keep hands dry and dirt free when using disposable rubber gloves.</p>
<p>Picking poles can either be factory-made or home-made. A factory-made picking pole, if financially feasible for smallholder farmers, is more durable and effective than one that is home-made. A typical commercial picking pole can be purchased for approximately US$25. The picking pole with the bag attached (see Figure 3) is the more lightweight option, weighing around 170 g while the metal basket pole (see Figure 1) weighs around 320 g. As well, some fruit pickers have the option for a height adjustable pole. To reduce the price of the commercial picking pole, a good solution would involve purchasing the picking basket or bag separately, then attaching this to either a broomstick or a tree branch. See Practical Links (below) for links to inexpensive commercial models. <p>  
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Home-made Picking Poles</h3>
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<p>However, there are many constraints that may not allow farmers to purchase factory-made picking poles, so home-made versions of this tool may be the only option. The main components of a typical picking pole involve a long pole, steel ring, blade, and a collection bag. If these materials are not available, the following section depicts how this harvesting tool can be constructed out of basic items.</p>


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<p><b><i>Step-by-Step Guide to Construct a Home-made Picking Pole (see Figure 4)</b></i></p>
      <h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Defense Against Moisture and Chemicals</h3>
 
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<p>Materials: the pole of a broomstick or a tree branch, a plastic jug, a blade or razor, a screw, and a tool to cut the plastic.</p>  
          <p>Moisture blocking is a way gloves can prevent your skin from drying out and from getting too wet and dehydrating farmer's hands. By keeping the moisture from the hands inside the gloves they will prevent the skin from cracking and becoming infected (Schaffner, 2013). As well when working in wet conditions your hands can shrivel and become dehydrated if they are constantly in contact with water.</p>
<p>Step 1. With the plastic jug facing downwards, cut a large teardrop shape into the side of the jug</p>
          <p>Pesticides can be absorbed by your skin and become harmful to the body, gloves provide an extra barrier to block them from entering in a farmer's body (Furlong, et al., 2015). Fertilizers such as nitrogen can also be caustic, and these are usually spread through broadcasting by hand. Mud can get under your nails and into cracked or cut skin and can infect a farmer's hands. Gloves will keep the mud out and keep hands clean. Both liquid pesticides and dry fertilizers can irritate skin if they come into contact with it (Kim, et al., 2013). Wearing the proper gloves, rubber ones in this case, can save their hands from becoming itchy (Keeble et al., 1996). Human skin can also absorb the pesticides which are harmful to your body, wearing gloves would prevent the pesticides from ever touching your skin.</p>
<p>Step 2. Attach the razor to the top notch of the teardrop.</p>
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<p>Step 3. Insert the tip of the pole into the opening of the jug and screw the pole into place.</p>
<p>Step 4. For soft fruit, a towel may be placed at the bottom of the jug to protect the fruit during the detachment process.</p>
<p>This home-made version is not suitable for larger tree fruit nurseries, but rather for small-scale production as this tool is not durable or efficient compared to commercial tools.</p>
<p>[[Image:Rt1.JPG |thumb|centre|Figure 4. Home made fruit picking pole. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BV95AEHPofU]]</p>
<p>For a more detailed tutorial on constructing a homemade picking pole:</p>
<p><i>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BV95AEHPofU</i></p>
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       <h3 class="title-bg">Wearable</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Constraints to Adoption </h3>
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          <p>Comfortable gloves help farmer's work longer because their hands will not hurt from completing your task. Sizing is very important when finding comfortable gloves (Melco, 2016). Make sure gloves are the proper length and width, as not to restrict movement. There will be less pain from pulling weeds and they will be able to pull more weeds because they would not have to wait a long for the pain to subside between pulling each weed, because there will be no pain if wearing gloves (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). If farmer's find they are working hard and their hands start to sweat the gloves should be removed , dry your hands, and put on a new pair. Cloth gloves are more breathable then rubber ones, using them is another way to prevent hands from getting sweaty. The cloth gloves can also be softer and easier to clean, but are more restricting to movement due to their durability and tougher material. Since children will also be farming, smaller glove sizes can be found. Gloves are designed to fit a farmer's hand snugly, so children should not wear adult sized gloves when working. </p>
<p>While simple tree fruit harvesting tools may appear to be a cost-effective solution for smallholder farmers in comparison to mechanical aids, there are still several drawbacks associated with this method of harvest. First, there are still costs associated with the production and distribution of the tools, given that a cost-free option (hand-harvesting) is available. The challenge here is to determine whether these production and distribution costs are worth the time and labour required.</p>
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<p>Second, the accessibility of harvesting tools is another potential constraint for factory-made picking poles, as farmers are required to travel to the store or market to purchase the tools. This requires time and costs of travel. The alternative, a home-made version, requires a farmer to obtain the materials to produce the tools as well as the knowledge on how to construct it. Further, for either version of the picking pole, there will be repair and maintenance costs associated. To improve smallholder farmer productivity, a key task involves improving farmer accessibility to mechanization (Liao, et al., 2022). As such, addressing the accessibility constraints of the picking poles is vital.</p>
<p>Lastly, there are education and training considerations involved with the use of tree harvesting tools. To maximize efficiency with the picking pole, training on the use of this tool can be beneficial for smallholder farmers. While a text-based training manual may seem like a solution to this, some farmers may not be able to read, or text in the local language may not be available. Low literacy amongst smallholder farmers is one of the major barriers to agricultural innovation due to limited access to information (Devkota, et al, 2020).</p>
 
<p>However, there are several solutions to counteract these constraints. First, an illustrated diagram can be a universal solution as well as being more cost-effective. To provide information for farmers with low literacy, pictures can be more effective than text-based manuals (Devkota, et al., 2020). Diagrams (see links below at SAKbooks.com) can be included with the harvesting tool at purchase or an alternative step-by-step version to train farmers to build their own harvesting tool. To address the accessibility issues, a friend or family member who resides in the city can be asked to retrieve the tool. Further, since the long poles cause transportation issues as it is difficult to carry these tools by bicycle or motorcycles, it would be beneficial for these poles to be collapsible and lightweight. To reduce costs, cooperatives where smallholder farmers can share the tool amongst the village, would be good solution. Effective strategies that improve the accessibility of mechanization for smallholder farmers include: subsidy policies and incentives for rental service providers of agricultural machinery (Liao, et al., 2022). Tool rentals can provide local business opportunities. Lastly, local blacksmiths should be encouraged to make picking poles, and local stores should be encouraged to stock them.</p>  
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       <h3 class="title-bg">Constraints To Adoption</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Conclusion</h3>
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          <p>Gloves are very useful to farmers, but there can still be some drawbacks. Possible culturable taboos might vary from location to location. Gloves might seem feminine and not easily adopted by men in the community. Gloves act as a second, tougher skin, but they are not a farmer's skin and can slide around while working. This may feel odd and uncomfortable but farmers can get used to the new feeling over time. Gloves can come in many colours and thicknesses, which may make a farmer's hands look funny or larger. Human skin is very stretchy and flexible, while glove materials tend to be tougher than skin and will reduce movement, but not enough to hinder work. Rubber gloves can stretch well, but make hands sweat, while cloth gloves are breathable but reduce dexterity.</p>
<p>In conclusion, simple tree harvesting tools offer smallholder farmers a cost-effective method of harvest. These tools minimize labour, fruit deterioration, and production costs. As well, the utilization of picking poles can reduce instances of musculoskeletal disorders in smallholder farmers picking fruit. Picking poles can either be factory-made or home-made depending on a farmer’s income status. However, there are several constraints to adoption that may deter smallholder farmers.</p>  
          <p>Farmers can find gloves to use and get started from local vendors (European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease, 2016). Once you have completed your work for the day you can clean them are reuse them, or dispose of them if they were ripped or torn (Kim, et al., 2013). You can get gloves made of rubber and like materials as well as ones made of durable cloths. The thin rubber gloves tend to be made for a single use only. A trick that the European Commission For The Control Foot-And-Mouth Disease mentions that you can wear two pairs of rubber gloves at the same time for extra protection (European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease, 2016).</p>
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       <h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers </h1>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Helpful Links To Get Started </h3>
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          <p>Here are websites to find more information about how to obtain gloves:</p>
[[Image:9.1 page-0001.jpg|thumb|centre|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
          <p>[https://www.alibaba.com/ Alibaba]</p>
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          <p>[https://www.indiamart.com/ Indiamart]</p>
          <p>[http://www.store.nzfarmsource.co.nz/ Store Nzfarmsource]</p>
          <p>[https://www.adenna.com Adenna]</p>
          <p>[https://www.farmcity.co.za/ Farmcity]</p>
          <p>[https://www.crazystore.co.za/ Crazystore]</p>
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       <h1 class="title-bg">Further Reading</h1>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Usefull Images</h3>
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<p>https://www.fao.org/3/ak832e/ak832e.pdf</p>  
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<p>https://www.fao.org/3/au186e/au186e.pdf</p>
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<p>https://jhpr.birjand.ac.ir/article_1965.html</p>
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<p><b>Links to Inexpensive Commercial Fruit Picking Tools:</b></p>
<p>https://dir.indiamart.com/search.mp?ss=fruit+picker&mcatid=29032&catid=559&prdsrc=1</p>
<p>https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/FP-1-Fruit-Picker-Fruit-Harvester_1700008026709.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normal_offer.d_image.6cfb11c3FfKkly&s=p</p>
<p>https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Fruit-Picker-with-Bag-Basket-Garden_1600332308776.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normal_offer.d_image.6cfb11c3FfKkly</p>


<p><b>Example of a Training Diagram</b></p>
<p>[[Image:Vcx.JPG |thumb|centre|Figure 5. Picking Pole Training Diagram (Kossen, 2022).]]</p>
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       <h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Links to Picture Based Farmer Training Lessons</h3>
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          <p>Espasandín-Arias, M., & Goossens, A. (2014). Natural rubber gloves might not protect against skin penetration of methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis, 70(4), 249-251. doi:10.1111/cod.12221</p>
<p>http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/9.1south_asian_eng.pdf</p>
          <p>European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease. Suggested FMD PPE guidelines - Food and Agriculture, (2016)
<p>http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/9.1east_southeast_asia_englishversion.pdf</p>
          Food and Agriculture Organization. Rural women in household production: Increasing contributions and persisting drudgery. (2016).
<p>http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/9.1subsaharan_africa_carribean_engversion.pdf</p>
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<p>http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/9.1latin_america_eng_version.pdf</p>
          <p>Furlong, M., Tanner, C. M., Goldman, S. M., Bhudhikanok, G. S., Blair, A., Chade, A., . . . Kamel, F. (2015). Protective glove use and hygiene habits modify the associations of specific pesticides with Parkinson's disease. Environment International, 75, 144-150. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.002</p>
<p>http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/8.1n._africa_middleeast_eng_version.pdf</p>
          <p>Keeble, V. B., Correll, L., & Ehrich, M. (1996). Effect of Laundering on Ability of Glove Fabrics to Decrease the Penetration of Organophosphate Insecticides Through in vitro Epidermal Systems. J. Appl. Toxicol. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16(5), 401-406. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199609)16:53.3.co;2-6</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDjM0AFx8sc</p>
          <p>Kim, J., Kim, J., Cha, E., Ko, Y., Kim, D., & Lee, W. (2013). Work-Related Risk Factors by Severity for Acute Pesticide Poisoning Among Male Farmers in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(3), 1100-1112. doi:10.3390/ijerph10031100</p>
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          <p>Melco, M. (2016). Gardening Gloves. Retrieved from [http://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Gardening_Gloves Garden Lovetoknow]</p>
          <p>Schaffner, A. D. (2013). Minimizing Surgical Skin Incision Scars with a Latex Surgical Glove. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 37(2), 463-463. doi:10.1007/s00266-013-0071-y</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>
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<p>1.Burden, J., & Wills, R.B.H. (1989). Prevention of post-harvest food losses: fruits, vegetables,and root crops. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/t0073e/T0073E03.htm#5.%20Harvesting%20and%20field%20handling</p>
<p>2.Devkota R, Hambly Odame H, Fitzsimons J, Pudasaini R, Raizada MN. (2020) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Picture-Based Agricultural Extension Lessons Developed Using Participatory Testing and Editing with Smallholder Women Farmers in Nepal. Sustainability, 12(22):9699. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229699</p>
<p>3.Khatri, S., Shrestha, S., & Pokharel, K. (2022). Investigation of different manual harvesting tools performance for harvesting output, mechanical injuries, storability and post-harvest physio-chemical attributes of mandarin fruit in Nepal. Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research, 5(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2021.4426.1220</p>
<p>4.Liao W, Zeng F, Chanieabate M. (2022) Mechanization of Small-Scale Agriculture in China: Lessons for Enhancing Smallholder Access to Agricultural Machinery. Sustainability, 14(13):7964. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137964</p>
<p>5.Mohamaddan, S., Rahman, M. A., Munot, M., Tanjong, S. J., Deros, B. M., Md Dawal, S. Z., & Case, K. (2021). Investigation of oil palm harvesting tools design and technique on work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper body. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 86(1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103226</p>
<p>6.Palipane, K., & Rolle, R. (2008). Good practice for assuring the post-harvest quality of exotic tree fruit crops produced in Jamaica. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/ak832e/ak832e.pdf</p>
<p>7.Paltrinieri, G. (n.d.). Handling of Fresh Fruits, Vegetables and Root Crops. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/au186e/au186e.pdf</p>

Latest revision as of 11:59, 29 December 2023

8.1- Tree fruit harvesting tools for smallholder farmers


Meghan Kossen, University of Guelph, Canada

4.jpg

Suggested citation for this chapter.

Kossen,M (2022) Tree fruit harvesting tools for smallholder farmers. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org

Background for Tree Fruit Harvesting

The selling price of tree fruit is entirely dependent on the quality and condition of the fruit when brought to market (Burden & Willis, 1989). This can be drastically impacted by the methods of handling during the harvesting process. Bacteria and fungi can penetrate fruit that has been bruised or cut. Further, this can accelerate water loss which leads to the rapid deterioration of the fruit (Palipane & Rolle, 2008). In developing countries, most tree fruits are harvested by hand (Palterini, n.d.). While hand-harvesting methods can result is less damage to the fruit than may occur during mechanized harvesting, this method can be laborious and can lead to physical ailments of smallholder farmers. Currently, climbing trees is the most common method of tree fruit harvesting, and this task is typically undertaken by children. This method is risky and can easily lead to injury.

To minimize labour and tree fruit deterioration, the utilization of simple harvesting tools can be beneficial for smallholder farmers. As well, many fruit trees are too large to be harvested from the ground. Therefore, the use of harvesting tools eliminates the necessity of climbing the tree to harvest by hand. These tools can be specifically designed for the respective fruit being harvested. For example, a harvesting tool for tree fruit occurring in bunches may have several prongs extending from a basket (see Figure 1), while a harvesting tool for plucking papaya may consist of a slanted basket (see Figure 2) (Palipane & Rolle, 2008). However, a universal design, depicted in Figure 3, may consist of a steel ring with a cutting edge in the notch attached to a long pole. A net can then be affixed to the steel ring to collect the fruit as it is detached (Palipane & Rolle, 2008).

Figure 1. Harvesting tool for plucking of tree fruits occurring in bunches (Palipane & Rollo, 2008).

Figure 2. Harvesting tool for plucking of papaya (Palipane & Rollo, 2008).

Figure 3. Harvesting tool for the plucking of tree fruits (Palipane & Rollo, 2008).

Benefits of Utilizing Tree Fruit Harvesting Tools

Improved Fruit Quality: As already mentioned, simple tree fruit harvesting tools, such as picking poles, can significantly minimize damage to fruit and thus minimize the deterioration of the fruit (Palipane & Rollo, 2008). As well, picking poles allow farmers to more precisely cut the stems of tree fruits at their proper lengths. For example, breadfruit stalks require fruit stalks to be cut at a length of 1.5 cm during harvest (Palipane & Rolle, 2008).

Reduced Labour and Costs: Tree fruit harvesting tools can minimize both labour and production costs associated with the harvesting process (Khatri, 2022). Many fruit trees are too tall to be harvested from the ground, and without the use of a picking pole, farmers would have to climb the tree to pick the fruit by hand. By utilizing the picking pole, farmers can pick the fruit from the ground with ease, increasing efficiency (Khatri, 2022). This increased efficiency thus allows farmers to harvest larger quantities of fruit within a day. As well, less fruit will be damaged during this process, allowing more fruit to make it to market. This reduces losses for smallholder tree fruit farmers.

Improved Physical Health: Hand-harvesting methods for tree fruit exposes farmers to many work-related musculoskeletal disorders (Mohamadden, et al., 2021). Harvesting by hand is a laborious, repetitive activity that can have negative physical health impacts on smallholder farmers. Further, climbing trees to harvest the fruit can be dangerous and easily lead to accidents. The utilization of tree fruit harvesting tools can reduce the negative physical health impacts associated with hand-harvesting methods.

Commercial Picking Poles

Picking poles can either be factory-made or home-made. A factory-made picking pole, if financially feasible for smallholder farmers, is more durable and effective than one that is home-made. A typical commercial picking pole can be purchased for approximately US$25. The picking pole with the bag attached (see Figure 3) is the more lightweight option, weighing around 170 g while the metal basket pole (see Figure 1) weighs around 320 g. As well, some fruit pickers have the option for a height adjustable pole. To reduce the price of the commercial picking pole, a good solution would involve purchasing the picking basket or bag separately, then attaching this to either a broomstick or a tree branch. See Practical Links (below) for links to inexpensive commercial models.

Home-made Picking Poles

However, there are many constraints that may not allow farmers to purchase factory-made picking poles, so home-made versions of this tool may be the only option. The main components of a typical picking pole involve a long pole, steel ring, blade, and a collection bag. If these materials are not available, the following section depicts how this harvesting tool can be constructed out of basic items.

Step-by-Step Guide to Construct a Home-made Picking Pole (see Figure 4)

Materials: the pole of a broomstick or a tree branch, a plastic jug, a blade or razor, a screw, and a tool to cut the plastic.

Step 1. With the plastic jug facing downwards, cut a large teardrop shape into the side of the jug

Step 2. Attach the razor to the top notch of the teardrop.

Step 3. Insert the tip of the pole into the opening of the jug and screw the pole into place.

Step 4. For soft fruit, a towel may be placed at the bottom of the jug to protect the fruit during the detachment process.

This home-made version is not suitable for larger tree fruit nurseries, but rather for small-scale production as this tool is not durable or efficient compared to commercial tools.

Figure 4. Home made fruit picking pole. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BV95AEHPofU

For a more detailed tutorial on constructing a homemade picking pole:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BV95AEHPofU

Constraints to Adoption

While simple tree fruit harvesting tools may appear to be a cost-effective solution for smallholder farmers in comparison to mechanical aids, there are still several drawbacks associated with this method of harvest. First, there are still costs associated with the production and distribution of the tools, given that a cost-free option (hand-harvesting) is available. The challenge here is to determine whether these production and distribution costs are worth the time and labour required.

Second, the accessibility of harvesting tools is another potential constraint for factory-made picking poles, as farmers are required to travel to the store or market to purchase the tools. This requires time and costs of travel. The alternative, a home-made version, requires a farmer to obtain the materials to produce the tools as well as the knowledge on how to construct it. Further, for either version of the picking pole, there will be repair and maintenance costs associated. To improve smallholder farmer productivity, a key task involves improving farmer accessibility to mechanization (Liao, et al., 2022). As such, addressing the accessibility constraints of the picking poles is vital.

Lastly, there are education and training considerations involved with the use of tree harvesting tools. To maximize efficiency with the picking pole, training on the use of this tool can be beneficial for smallholder farmers. While a text-based training manual may seem like a solution to this, some farmers may not be able to read, or text in the local language may not be available. Low literacy amongst smallholder farmers is one of the major barriers to agricultural innovation due to limited access to information (Devkota, et al, 2020).

However, there are several solutions to counteract these constraints. First, an illustrated diagram can be a universal solution as well as being more cost-effective. To provide information for farmers with low literacy, pictures can be more effective than text-based manuals (Devkota, et al., 2020). Diagrams (see links below at SAKbooks.com) can be included with the harvesting tool at purchase or an alternative step-by-step version to train farmers to build their own harvesting tool. To address the accessibility issues, a friend or family member who resides in the city can be asked to retrieve the tool. Further, since the long poles cause transportation issues as it is difficult to carry these tools by bicycle or motorcycles, it would be beneficial for these poles to be collapsible and lightweight. To reduce costs, cooperatives where smallholder farmers can share the tool amongst the village, would be good solution. Effective strategies that improve the accessibility of mechanization for smallholder farmers include: subsidy policies and incentives for rental service providers of agricultural machinery (Liao, et al., 2022). Tool rentals can provide local business opportunities. Lastly, local blacksmiths should be encouraged to make picking poles, and local stores should be encouraged to stock them.

Conclusion

In conclusion, simple tree harvesting tools offer smallholder farmers a cost-effective method of harvest. These tools minimize labour, fruit deterioration, and production costs. As well, the utilization of picking poles can reduce instances of musculoskeletal disorders in smallholder farmers picking fruit. Picking poles can either be factory-made or home-made depending on a farmer’s income status. However, there are several constraints to adoption that may deter smallholder farmers.

Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers

Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.

References

1.Burden, J., & Wills, R.B.H. (1989). Prevention of post-harvest food losses: fruits, vegetables,and root crops. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/t0073e/T0073E03.htm#5.%20Harvesting%20and%20field%20handling

2.Devkota R, Hambly Odame H, Fitzsimons J, Pudasaini R, Raizada MN. (2020) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Picture-Based Agricultural Extension Lessons Developed Using Participatory Testing and Editing with Smallholder Women Farmers in Nepal. Sustainability, 12(22):9699. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229699

3.Khatri, S., Shrestha, S., & Pokharel, K. (2022). Investigation of different manual harvesting tools performance for harvesting output, mechanical injuries, storability and post-harvest physio-chemical attributes of mandarin fruit in Nepal. Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research, 5(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2021.4426.1220

4.Liao W, Zeng F, Chanieabate M. (2022) Mechanization of Small-Scale Agriculture in China: Lessons for Enhancing Smallholder Access to Agricultural Machinery. Sustainability, 14(13):7964. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137964

5.Mohamaddan, S., Rahman, M. A., Munot, M., Tanjong, S. J., Deros, B. M., Md Dawal, S. Z., & Case, K. (2021). Investigation of oil palm harvesting tools design and technique on work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper body. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 86(1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103226

6.Palipane, K., & Rolle, R. (2008). Good practice for assuring the post-harvest quality of exotic tree fruit crops produced in Jamaica. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/ak832e/ak832e.pdf

7.Paltrinieri, G. (n.d.). Handling of Fresh Fruits, Vegetables and Root Crops. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/au186e/au186e.pdf

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