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  <div class="title"><h1>8.7 - Simple clay pot cooler to prevent spoilage</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
  <div class="title"><h3>8.7 - Simple clay pot cooler to prevent spoilage</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada
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       <h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>
<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
<p>Therault-Loubier,G(2022) title of chapter. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>
         <div class="cont-bg">
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           <p>The world’s 1 billion women and girls participating in subsistence farming pull weeds by hand to improve their crops and also collect firewood for cooking, resulting in their hands becoming rough and sore (Figure 1). This can be caused by wood splinters being lodged into their skin (Schaffner, 2013). Pulling weeds for hours on end can peel away layers of skin (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). The hands of those farmers can also become dirty and smelly from planting seeds in the soil or spreading manure by hand. To avoid the common aforementioned problems as well as hand injuries, such as cuts and scrapes, they could wear gloves on their hands, see the second picture, (Schaffner, 2013). Gloves are very common in the modern world and can be used for construction, farming, and medical practices. Gloves provide a durable layer between the skin on your hands and whatever you are working with (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). There are a few different materials used to make gloves, along with different sizes and grips. With over one billion women and girls working on farms around the world, this grueling work can be made safer and more efficient when wearing gloves.</p>
           <p>It is estimated that between $200-300 million dollars (USD) worth of produce perish each year due to lack of adequate storage infrastructure (Chaurasia, 2005). The reduction of food spoilage is critical to ensuring that developing markets can remain competitive (Tomada, 1992).
 
The pot-in-pot (PiP) storage system is a promising method of providing portable, affordable refrigeration to parts of the world without electricity (Mittal, 2006). The pot is used to preserve vegetarian food in India (Date, 2012), and has been analyzed for its heat transfer properties, with a recorded decrease in temperature of 10.4˚C lower than ambient temperature in low humidity environments (Aimiuwu, 1992). Variations of this technology have been reported in West Africa (Aimiuwu, 2008), India (Date, 2012), and the Middle East (Mittal, 2006). The technology has been reported to be highly effective for storage of various fruits and vegetables including tomatoes, Guavas, Rocket (A leafy green), Okra and Carrots (Longmone 2003; Chaurasia et al. 2005; Odesola and Onyebuchi, 2009)
          <p>Rubber and cloth are the two main kinds of gloves produced (Melco, 2016). They both have their own benefits and drawbacks respectively. A benefit from rubber gloves is their ability to resist water from coming in contact with a farmer's skin, see part two, (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). While cloth gloves can be beneficial because they can draw moisture away from their hands and can be easily washed to be cleaned. Because rubber gloves are usually meant to be disposed of after single use they tend to be cheaper to make and thus cheaper to buy. Yet some rubber gloves can be made thicker to reuse and are slightly more durable (Melco, 2016). Cloth gloves are designed to be washed after being used and last a long time under normal working conditions.</p>
The technology is simple. A smaller pot is placed in a larger pot; the empty space between the pots is then filled with sand. Water is added to saturate the sand - as the water evaporates, it draws heat along with it, cooling the air and contents of the inner pot (Mittal, 2006). The PiP is based on the well-known principle of evaporative cooling. Just as the human body sweats during exposure to heat or while exercising to cool itself, the PIP slowly evaporates water contained in the outer pot, drawing heat with it, to effectively cool the air of the inner pot (Mittal, 2006).
 
Sand acts as an insulator, reducing the amount of water needed to reach the desired temperature (Mittal, 2006). A damp cloth is sometimes put over top of the inner pot. The outer pot should be highly porous and importantly, not glazed. A glazed pot will not allow water to effectively escape the vessel. Conversely, some trials have suggested that the inner pot be glazed or otherwise water-tight so as to prevent the entrance of moisture. This is especially important if the water is not potable.
          <p>Along with the different materials gloves are made of, there are also different arm lengths. Some gloves are cut off just in front or around the wrist. While others can be up to and over the elbow and everywhere in between (Melco, 2016). The benefits of the shorter gloves is comfort, no bunching around wrist or elbow, and they can be quickly put on or removed. The benefits of the long gloves are more protection, the entire forearm will be covered. All the while there is less of a chance of getting debris in their gloves because the opening is farther away from what you are working with. Farmers can also work in deeper water or mud with the long rubber gloves without getting your hands wet.</p>
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          <p>When working with smooth items such as hoes and some fruits and vegetables they can be slippery (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). A way to help farmer's hold on to the tools is to get gloves with grips (Melco, 2016). Both rubber and cloth gloves can have grips. Rubber gloves will have ridges in the molds to form grips and granular materials can be added to the outside before drying (Melco, 2016). Another option is to make the rubber gloves out of a non-slip rubber (Melco, 2016). Because cloth alone does not provide grip, cloth gloves must be dipped in liquid rubber to be able to grip smooth objects. The rubber used for grips on cloth gloves can either be non-slip smooth rubber or be rigid (Melco, 2016). </p>
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       <h3 class="title-bg">Physical Protection</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Possible Benefits </h3>
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          <p>Protection is the main benefit from using gloves. Repetitive motions, such as when pounding grain, can cause irritation to the skin. When collecting firewood the sticks and logs can scratch or cut the skin (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). Weeds can be rough and by scratching their hands many times they can become cut and sore (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). By lifting and pulling heavy items the top layer of your skin will separate from the next, causing a blister, by wearing gloves they now will prevent blistering because the glove will act as the top layer of skin and prevent the actual skin from separating (Schaffner, 2013).  Manure has a lot of bacteria in it which are harmful if they are swallow, so keeping them away from the hands used to eat with is very beneficial (Furlong, et al., 2015). If farmers are working with firewood or in construction the cloth gloves will work better because they are more durable (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). The disposable rubber gloves would be the worst to use in this scenario because they are so thin, stick to jobs were the main goals are to keep hands dry and dirt free when using disposable rubber gloves.</p>
<p>A PiP system is based on revived indigenous knowledge which is easily transferrable, not patented, and extremely low-cost (around $1 per pot). Outer pots could be decorated as a form of branding and designed to be stackable. Many cultures already make and use pots and have sand available.</p>  
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      <h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Defense Against Moisture and Chemicals</h3>
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          <p>Moisture blocking is a way gloves can prevent your skin from drying out and from getting too wet and dehydrating farmer's hands. By keeping the moisture from the hands inside the gloves they will prevent the skin from cracking and becoming infected (Schaffner, 2013). As well when working in wet conditions your hands can shrivel and become dehydrated if they are constantly in contact with water.</p>
          <p>Pesticides can be absorbed by your skin and become harmful to the body, gloves provide an extra barrier to block them from entering in a farmer's body (Furlong, et al., 2015). Fertilizers such as nitrogen can also be caustic, and these are usually spread through broadcasting by hand. Mud can get under your nails and into cracked or cut skin and can infect a farmer's hands. Gloves will keep the mud out and keep hands clean. Both liquid pesticides and dry fertilizers can irritate skin if they come into contact with it (Kim, et al., 2013). Wearing the proper gloves, rubber ones in this case, can save their hands from becoming itchy (Keeble et al., 1996). Human skin can also absorb the pesticides which are harmful to your body, wearing gloves would prevent the pesticides from ever touching your skin.</p>
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       <h3 class="title-bg">Wearable</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Critical Analysis </h3>
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          <p>Comfortable gloves help farmer's work longer because their hands will not hurt from completing your task. Sizing is very important when finding comfortable gloves (Melco, 2016). Make sure gloves are the proper length and width, as not to restrict movement. There will be less pain from pulling weeds and they will be able to pull more weeds because they would not have to wait a long for the pain to subside between pulling each weed, because there will be no pain if wearing gloves (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). If farmer's find they are working hard and their hands start to sweat the gloves should be removed , dry your hands, and put on a new pair. Cloth gloves are more breathable then rubber ones, using them is another way to prevent hands from getting sweaty. The cloth gloves can also be softer and easier to clean, but are more restricting to movement due to their durability and tougher material. Since children will also be farming, smaller glove sizes can be found. Gloves are designed to fit a farmer's hand snugly, so children should not wear adult sized gloves when working. </p>
<p>A PiP system would work best in high temperature, low humidity climates. As the humidity rises, the capacity of the water to evaporate, and thereby cool the contents of the second pot, is diminished. Additionally, high temperature and low humidity areas could be prone to drought, and a PiP system requires a constant, though relatively little supply of water. Saltwater could also be used. Unintended sealing of PiPs might trap plant-derived ethylene gas, a hormone which triggers ripening (Barry, 2007); in this situation, the produce could be placed in an ethylene adsorbent bag placed within the PiP. PiPs add shipping weight and bulk and would not likely be carried to market by hand. One might build a larger, semi-permanent structure on a small trailer which could be unloaded or loaded. One such (non-mobile) structure built of double walled brick was found to reduce ambient temperature inside the chamber by up to 14˚C while reducing shrinkage by 15-70% (Chaurasia, 2005).</p>  
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       <h3 class="title-bg">Constraints To Adoption</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">Further Information</h3>
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          <p>Gloves are very useful to farmers, but there can still be some drawbacks. Possible culturable taboos might vary from location to location. Gloves might seem feminine and not easily adopted by men in the community. Gloves act as a second, tougher skin, but they are not a farmer's skin and can slide around while working. This may feel odd and uncomfortable but farmers can get used to the new feeling over time. Gloves can come in many colours and thicknesses, which may make a farmer's hands look funny or larger. Human skin is very stretchy and flexible, while glove materials tend to be tougher than skin and will reduce movement, but not enough to hinder work. Rubber gloves can stretch well, but make hands sweat, while cloth gloves are breathable but reduce dexterity.</p>
<p>Pots based on this system (known as zeer pots) can be purchased by visiting Practical Action or by phoning +44 (0) 1926 634400. There are also detailed instructions available for local construction.</p>  
          <p>Farmers can find gloves to use and get started from local vendors (European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease, 2016). Once you have completed your work for the day you can clean them are reuse them, or dispose of them if they were ripped or torn (Kim, et al., 2013). You can get gloves made of rubber and like materials as well as ones made of durable cloths. The thin rubber gloves tend to be made for a single use only. A trick that the European Commission For The Control Foot-And-Mouth Disease mentions that you can wear two pairs of rubber gloves at the same time for extra protection (European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease, 2016).</p>
<p><b>Contact Person:</b>
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Mr. Mohammed Bah Abba – Jigawa State Polytechnic, College of Business and Management Studies, Sani Abacha Way, P.M.B 7040, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Helpful Links To Get Started </h3>
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          <p>Here are websites to find more information about how to obtain gloves:</p>
          <p>[https://www.alibaba.com/ Alibaba]</p>
          <p>[https://www.indiamart.com/ Indiamart]</p>
          <p>[http://www.store.nzfarmsource.co.nz/ Store Nzfarmsource]</p>
          <p>[https://www.adenna.com Adenna]</p>
          <p>[https://www.farmcity.co.za/ Farmcity]</p>
          <p>[https://www.crazystore.co.za/ Crazystore]</p>
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      <h3 class="title-bg">Usefull Images</h3>
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       <h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>
       <h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>
         <div class="cont-bg">
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          <p>Espasandín-Arias, M., & Goossens, A. (2014). Natural rubber gloves might not protect against skin penetration of methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis, 70(4), 249-251. doi:10.1111/cod.12221</p>
<p>1.Aimiuwu, Victor O. (1992). Evaporative cooling of water in hot arid regions. Energy Convers. Mgmt Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 69-74.</p>
          <p>European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease. Suggested FMD PPE guidelines - Food and Agriculture, (2016)  
<p>2.Aimiuwu, Victor O. (2008). An energy-saving ceramic cooler for hot arid regions (2008). Proceedings of the national society of black physicists.. </p>
          Food and Agriculture Organization. Rural women in household production: Increasing contributions and persisting drudgery. (2016).
<p>3.Barry, C. S., & Giovannoni, J. J. (2007). Ethylene and fruit ripening. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 26(2), 143-159</p>
          </p>
<p>4.Chaurasia, P. B. L., Singh, H., & Prasad, R. N. (2005). Passive cool chamber for preservation of fresh vegetables. SESI Journal : Journal of the Solar Energy Society of India, 15(1), 47-57.</p>
          <p>Furlong, M., Tanner, C. M., Goldman, S. M., Bhudhikanok, G. S., Blair, A., Chade, A., . . . Kamel, F. (2015). Protective glove use and hygiene habits modify the associations of specific pesticides with Parkinson's disease. Environment International, 75, 144-150. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.002</p>
<p>5.Date, A.W. (2012). Heat and Mass transfer Analysis of clay-pot refridgerator. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 3977–3983</p>
          <p>Keeble, V. B., Correll, L., & Ehrich, M. (1996). Effect of Laundering on Ability of Glove Fabrics to Decrease the Penetration of Organophosphate Insecticides Through in vitro Epidermal Systems. J. Appl. Toxicol. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16(5), 401-406. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199609)16:53.3.co;2-6</p>
<p>6.Evaporative cooling. (2003). Appropriate Technology, 30(3), 64-67. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200022214?accountid=11233</p>
          <p>Kim, J., Kim, J., Cha, E., Ko, Y., Kim, D., & Lee, W. (2013). Work-Related Risk Factors by Severity for Acute Pesticide Poisoning Among Male Farmers in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(3), 1100-1112. doi:10.3390/ijerph10031100</p>
<p>7.Mittal, A., Kataria, T., Das, G. K., & Chatterjee, S. G. (2006). Evaporative cooling of water in a small vessel under varying ambient humidity. International Journal of Green Energy, 3(4), 347-368.</p>
          <p>Melco, M. (2016). Gardening Gloves. Retrieved from [http://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Gardening_Gloves Garden Lovetoknow]</p>
<p>8.Odesola, I., and Onyebuchi, O. (2009). A review of porous evaporative cooling for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 10 (2), 935-941.</p>
          <p>Schaffner, A. D. (2013). Minimizing Surgical Skin Incision Scars with a Latex Surgical Glove. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 37(2), 463-463. doi:10.1007/s00266-013-0071-y</p>
<p>9.Tomoda, Shizue. "Recent Developments in the Food and Drink Industries." International Labour Review 131.4 (1992): 431-.</p>
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Revision as of 08:07, 22 June 2022

8.7 - Simple clay pot cooler to prevent spoilage


Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

4.jpg

Suggested citation for this chapter.

Therault-Loubier,G(2022) title of chapter. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org

Introduction

It is estimated that between $200-300 million dollars (USD) worth of produce perish each year due to lack of adequate storage infrastructure (Chaurasia, 2005). The reduction of food spoilage is critical to ensuring that developing markets can remain competitive (Tomada, 1992). The pot-in-pot (PiP) storage system is a promising method of providing portable, affordable refrigeration to parts of the world without electricity (Mittal, 2006). The pot is used to preserve vegetarian food in India (Date, 2012), and has been analyzed for its heat transfer properties, with a recorded decrease in temperature of 10.4˚C lower than ambient temperature in low humidity environments (Aimiuwu, 1992). Variations of this technology have been reported in West Africa (Aimiuwu, 2008), India (Date, 2012), and the Middle East (Mittal, 2006). The technology has been reported to be highly effective for storage of various fruits and vegetables including tomatoes, Guavas, Rocket (A leafy green), Okra and Carrots (Longmone 2003; Chaurasia et al. 2005; Odesola and Onyebuchi, 2009) The technology is simple. A smaller pot is placed in a larger pot; the empty space between the pots is then filled with sand. Water is added to saturate the sand - as the water evaporates, it draws heat along with it, cooling the air and contents of the inner pot (Mittal, 2006). The PiP is based on the well-known principle of evaporative cooling. Just as the human body sweats during exposure to heat or while exercising to cool itself, the PIP slowly evaporates water contained in the outer pot, drawing heat with it, to effectively cool the air of the inner pot (Mittal, 2006). Sand acts as an insulator, reducing the amount of water needed to reach the desired temperature (Mittal, 2006). A damp cloth is sometimes put over top of the inner pot. The outer pot should be highly porous and importantly, not glazed. A glazed pot will not allow water to effectively escape the vessel. Conversely, some trials have suggested that the inner pot be glazed or otherwise water-tight so as to prevent the entrance of moisture. This is especially important if the water is not potable.

Possible Benefits

A PiP system is based on revived indigenous knowledge which is easily transferrable, not patented, and extremely low-cost (around $1 per pot). Outer pots could be decorated as a form of branding and designed to be stackable. Many cultures already make and use pots and have sand available.

Critical Analysis

A PiP system would work best in high temperature, low humidity climates. As the humidity rises, the capacity of the water to evaporate, and thereby cool the contents of the second pot, is diminished. Additionally, high temperature and low humidity areas could be prone to drought, and a PiP system requires a constant, though relatively little supply of water. Saltwater could also be used. Unintended sealing of PiPs might trap plant-derived ethylene gas, a hormone which triggers ripening (Barry, 2007); in this situation, the produce could be placed in an ethylene adsorbent bag placed within the PiP. PiPs add shipping weight and bulk and would not likely be carried to market by hand. One might build a larger, semi-permanent structure on a small trailer which could be unloaded or loaded. One such (non-mobile) structure built of double walled brick was found to reduce ambient temperature inside the chamber by up to 14˚C while reducing shrinkage by 15-70% (Chaurasia, 2005).

Further Information

Pots based on this system (known as zeer pots) can be purchased by visiting Practical Action or by phoning +44 (0) 1926 634400. There are also detailed instructions available for local construction.

Contact Person: Mr. Mohammed Bah Abba – Jigawa State Polytechnic, College of Business and Management Studies, Sani Abacha Way, P.M.B 7040, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria

References

1.Aimiuwu, Victor O. (1992). Evaporative cooling of water in hot arid regions. Energy Convers. Mgmt Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 69-74.

2.Aimiuwu, Victor O. (2008). An energy-saving ceramic cooler for hot arid regions (2008). Proceedings of the national society of black physicists..

3.Barry, C. S., & Giovannoni, J. J. (2007). Ethylene and fruit ripening. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 26(2), 143-159

4.Chaurasia, P. B. L., Singh, H., & Prasad, R. N. (2005). Passive cool chamber for preservation of fresh vegetables. SESI Journal : Journal of the Solar Energy Society of India, 15(1), 47-57.

5.Date, A.W. (2012). Heat and Mass transfer Analysis of clay-pot refridgerator. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 3977–3983

6.Evaporative cooling. (2003). Appropriate Technology, 30(3), 64-67. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200022214?accountid=11233

7.Mittal, A., Kataria, T., Das, G. K., & Chatterjee, S. G. (2006). Evaporative cooling of water in a small vessel under varying ambient humidity. International Journal of Green Energy, 3(4), 347-368.

8.Odesola, I., and Onyebuchi, O. (2009). A review of porous evaporative cooling for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 10 (2), 935-941.

9.Tomoda, Shizue. "Recent Developments in the Food and Drink Industries." International Labour Review 131.4 (1992): 431-.

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