Template:Chapters 7.7 - Revision history

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	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>~~Author name~~ (2022) ~~title of chapter~~. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Moroz,N (2022) Pesticide seed application. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
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Mamta at 08:52, 19 August 2022

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	<p>In general, insecticide and fungicide seed treatments can eradicate or reduce seed-borne pathogens and are more reliable than the proposed alternative treatments, such as physical treatment, or biological controls (Mancini & Romanazzi, 2014). Despite this, alternative treatments are still often effective and sometime as effective as chemical treatments, especially physical treatments (Mancini & Romanazzi, 2014). Chemical seed treatments with insecticides and fungicides, along with alternative seed treatments, can improve crop stand quality and increase crop yields through protection and disinfection from seed-borne, and later airborne and soil-borne, pathogens (Mancini & Romanazzi, 2014).</p>		<p>In general, insecticide and fungicide seed treatments can eradicate or reduce seed-borne pathogens and are more reliable than the proposed alternative treatments, such as physical treatment, or biological controls (Mancini & Romanazzi, 2014). Despite this, alternative treatments are still often effective and sometime as effective as chemical treatments, especially physical treatments (Mancini & Romanazzi, 2014). Chemical seed treatments with insecticides and fungicides, along with alternative seed treatments, can improve crop stand quality and increase crop yields through protection and disinfection from seed-borne, and later airborne and soil-borne, pathogens (Mancini & Romanazzi, 2014).</p>
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			<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>
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			[[Image:8.7 image.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
			<p><i>For the South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 8.7:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/8.7_south_asian.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For the East/South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 8.7:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/8.7e.s.a.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For the Sub-Saharan Africa/Caribbean version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 8.7:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/8.7subsaharan_africa_carribean.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For the Latin-America version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 8.7:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/8.7latin_america.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For North Africa And Middle East version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson Chapter 5. 7.7:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/7.7n._africa_middleeast.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and LJ Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers: eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada. Available online at: www.SAKBooks.com</i></p>

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	<p>Pesticide seed treatments are specifically the application of a small amount of chemical agents to seeds in order to provide protection to seeds, at the time of planting and thereafter, against a broad range of pests and pathogens, while also helping with the establishment of healthy crops (Taylor & Harman, 1990). Plant pathogens can reduce the quantity and quality of seeds harvested for future planting seasons, and can also preserved in seed lots if they are seed-borne pathogens, leading to infection and disease in future crops (Mancini & Romanazzi, 2014). Thus, management of plant diseases is important as it directly impacts current yields, disease prevalence, and the quality of seeds that will be used for future yields (Mancini & Romanazzi, 2014).</p>		<p>Pesticide seed treatments are specifically the application of a small amount of chemical agents to seeds in order to provide protection to seeds, at the time of planting and thereafter, against a broad range of pests and pathogens, while also helping with the establishment of healthy crops (Taylor & Harman, 1990). Plant pathogens can reduce the quantity and quality of seeds harvested for future planting seasons, and can also preserved in seed lots if they are seed-borne pathogens, leading to infection and disease in future crops (Mancini & Romanazzi, 2014). Thus, management of plant diseases is important as it directly impacts current yields, disease prevalence, and the quality of seeds that will be used for future yields (Mancini & Romanazzi, 2014).</p>

	<p>Synthetic pesticides (fungicides, insecticides, etc.) for foliar use (i.e. pesticide leaf-spray) have some major drawbacks, as they are expensive and are typically not effective against viruses. Often foliar and soil spraying-pesticides are applied manually and in excess in regions with poor knowledge of sustainable pesticide management, posing a threat to human health and the environment. However, pesticide seed applications use less pesticide and can effectively reduce plant disease while also being much more affordable.</>		<p>Synthetic pesticides (fungicides, insecticides, etc.) for foliar use (i.e. pesticide leaf-spray) have some major drawbacks, as they are expensive and are typically not effective against viruses. Often foliar and soil spraying-pesticides are applied manually and in excess in regions with poor knowledge of sustainable pesticide management, posing a threat to human health and the environment. However, pesticide seed applications use less pesticide and can effectively reduce plant disease while also being much more affordable.</p>

	<p>pesticide seed application can greatly enhance crop disease-resistance while reducing the harmful effects of aggravated pesticide use on humans and the environment. Fungicides represent a variety of modern pesticide chemicals used to treat seeds. Modern fungicides used today for seed treatment are generally low in toxicity to plant and animal life and are applied in such low doses they have a minimized impact on the environment (Mathre, Johnston, & Grey, 2006). Doses of these modern fungicides can be as low as 1 gram of active ingredient per hectare (0.4 grams/acre), resulting in a cost per hectare that is usually less than $5 per hectare and often lower than $2.50 per hectare, making seed treatment one of the least expensive growing applications on farms (Mathre, Johnston, & Grey, 2006).</p>		<p>pesticide seed application can greatly enhance crop disease-resistance while reducing the harmful effects of aggravated pesticide use on humans and the environment. Fungicides represent a variety of modern pesticide chemicals used to treat seeds. Modern fungicides used today for seed treatment are generally low in toxicity to plant and animal life and are applied in such low doses they have a minimized impact on the environment (Mathre, Johnston, & Grey, 2006). Doses of these modern fungicides can be as low as 1 gram of active ingredient per hectare (0.4 grams/acre), resulting in a cost per hectare that is usually less than $5 per hectare and often lower than $2.50 per hectare, making seed treatment one of the least expensive growing applications on farms (Mathre, Johnston, & Grey, 2006).</p>

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	<h1 class="title-bg">Supplemental Seed Treatment Additives </h1>		<h1 class="title-bg">Supplemental Seed Treatment Additives </h1>
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	<p>Seed treatment products often contain a variety of additives to supplement the active ingredient, such as seed treatments with enhanced adhesive coatings in the pelleted form (Elbert et al., 2008; Paulsrud et al., 2001). If important additives are not in the initial seed treatment then they can be added to any pretreatment mixing tank before seed coating (Paulsrud et al., 2001). Be aware of the potential for redundant additives already supplied in the initial formulation in order to conserve resources (Paulsrud et al., 2001). Colorants are also a useful additive, often used to distinguish treated seeds from food grain for animals and to ensure uniformity in treatment coverage on seeds (Paulsrud et al., 2001). A specific colourant, Anthraquinone, has been shown to selectively repel birds from eating seeds treated with it, resulting from a learned avoidance of seeds treated with Anthraquinone by Avian species (DeLiberto & Werner, 2016). Anthraquinone is a common dye and a safe chemical repellent, deterring many wild birds, as well as mammals, from consuming treated seeds (DeLiberto & Werner, 2016).</p>		<p>Seed treatment products often contain a variety of additives to supplement the active ingredient, such as seed treatments with enhanced adhesive coatings in the pelleted form (Elbert et al., 2008; Paulsrud et al., 2001). If important additives are not in the initial seed treatment then they can be added to any pretreatment mixing tank before seed coating (Paulsrud et al., 2001). Be aware of the potential for redundant additives already supplied in the initial formulation in order to conserve resources (Paulsrud et al., 2001). Colorants are also a useful additive, often used to distinguish treated seeds from food grain for animals and to ensure uniformity in treatment coverage on seeds (Paulsrud et al., 2001). A specific colourant, Anthraquinone, has been shown to selectively repel birds from eating seeds treated with it, resulting from a learned avoidance of seeds treated with Anthraquinone by Avian species (DeLiberto & Werner, 2016). Anthraquinone is a common dye and a safe chemical repellent, deterring many wild birds, as well as mammals, from consuming treated seeds (DeLiberto & Werner, 2016).</p>
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	<p>OMAFRA: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/insects/ipm.html</p>		<p>OMAFRA: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/insects/ipm.html</p>
	<p>USDA: http://www.ipmcenters.org</p>		<p>USDA: http://www.ipmcenters.org</p>
	<p>Pesticides can be absorbed by your skin and become harmful to the body, gloves provide an extra barrier to block them from entering in a farmer's body (Furlong, et al., 2015). Fertilizers such as nitrogen can also be caustic, and these are usually spread through broadcasting by hand. Mud can get under your nails and into cracked or cut skin and can infect a farmer's hands. Gloves will keep the mud out and keep hands clean. Both liquid pesticides and dry fertilizers can irritate skin if they come into contact with it (Kim, et al., 2013). Wearing the proper gloves, rubber ones in this case, can save their hands from becoming itchy (Keeble et al., 1996). Human skin can also absorb the pesticides which are harmful to your body, wearing gloves would prevent the pesticides from ever touching your skin.</p>		</div>
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41.212.82.212 at 16:16, 20 June 2022

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Mamta at 12:59, 20 June 2022

2022-06-20T12:59:22Z

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Mamta at 10:30, 9 June 2022

2022-06-09T10:30:27Z

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	<div class="title"><h1>7.7 - ~~Grafting to improve tree propagation~~</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h1>7.7 - Pesticide seed application</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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7.7 - Grafting to improve tree propagation

Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

Introduction

Grafting is a horticultural tec..."

2022-06-09T10:13:14Z

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<div class="title"><h1>7.7 - Grafting to improve tree propagation</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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<p>Grafting is a horticultural technique that holds much promise for farmers around the world. To graft, a branch of a tree or shoot of a plant is cut (“scion”) and joined onto a decapitated rootstock (“rootstock”). In a successful graft, the vascular tissues of the scion and rootstock will fuse together. With trees or perennials, a primary benefit of grafting is that it permits rapid propagation of a shoot that has desirable characteristics (e.g. desirable fruits) by taking advantage of an already established root system. Grafting allows mixing and matching of traits from different cultivars (e.g. rootstock that is disease resistant to a shoot that bears desirable fruits). Grafting can usually only take place between two plants of the same genetic family. For instance, successful grafting can occur between plants of the Solanaceae family which includes tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes and tobacco (Kudo, 2007). Remarkably, grafts can be successful not only within the same species (e.g. tomato with tomato) but also between species (e.g. tomato with eggplant).</p>

<p>One of the main reasons that a plant would be grafted would be out of a desire to maintain certain characteristics of a plant, such as in a fruit tree that would otherwise produce asexually. The offspring of an apple tree, for instance, are not very likely to mimic the parent in terms of flavor, texture. By grafting a branch of the tree with the desired fruit onto a rootstock, the fruit of the resultant tree will be highly similar to those of the parent, and allow for predictable cultivation of specific ‘varieties’ at a large scale.</p>

<p>Grafting is an effective way to not only replicate traits that are culinary, but also agricultural traits such as drought tolerance, cold tolerance, and salinity tolerance, amongst others. For example, rootstock of a plant may have good tolerance to the cold, but may produce less fruit than another variety. When the ‘scion’ of the highly productive plant is placed on the ‘rootstock’ of the cold hardy plant, the plant will often survive and become both cold tolerant and highly productive (Mudge, 2009). </p>

<p>Grafting allows for individual fruit farmers to respond to market changes faster than if they were to plant a young tree, since fruit will be produced quicker from the combination of mature rootstock and scion than from a younger tree (Hart, 2005). Consequently, there remains a stronger possibility that this individual will have access to larger markets and higher asking prices for in-demand fruits and vegetables. </p>

<p>Some trees, such as the Baobob tree from the Sahel countries of Africa, are grafted quite easily, with success rates ranging from 80-95% (Maranz, 2008). However, this is not consistent across all species, and does not account for the ‘learning curve’ in practicing proper technique. Maranz (2008) notes that ‘exotic’ varieties of Baobob (those from other Sahel countries) have superior nutritional benefits, and determines that grafting represents an interesting possibility for developing a market for the new varieties, since the local variety has far superior basal diameter, tree height, and resistance to termites. Assah (2011) details the possibility of an emerging market for three novel Alanblackia species in Africa for its nutritive, medicinal, cosmetic, and detergent properties. These species could be grafted onto locally available rootstock for local production to take place. Mudge (2009) details the grafting of Ceara rubber tree onto a cassava rootstock, for the purpose of invigorating the rootstock. The resulting yield of cassava tubers was increased by 30-100% depending on the combination of species. </p>

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<h3 class="title-bg">Critical analysis</h3>
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<p>Grafting at a large scale is labour intensive, and does require some training. The success rate of grafting is highly variable depending on species; research should be performed on the specific species to determine average success rates, or a test plot should be initiated (Mudge, 2009).
There is an ongoing debate about the possibility of the transference of genetic material from scion to rootstock and how this affects the ‘heritage’ of traditional varieties (Mudge, 2009).</p>
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<h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Practical tips</h3>
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<p>The University of Minnesota has a comprehensive manual on grafting, including timing, species selection, and materials needed. </p>
<p>The University of Arizona publishes free ‘how-to’ videos on vegetable grafting. While limited to tomatoes, curcubits and eggplants, many of the principles remain the same. </p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>
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<p>Asaah, E., Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngahane, W., Tsobeng, A., Kouodiekong, L., Jamnadass, R., & Simons, A. (2011). Allanblackia floribunda: A new oil tree crop for africa: Amenability to grafting. New Forests, 41(3), 389-398.
Hart, T., & Burgess, R. (2005). Grafting keeps farmer in the export market. Appropriate Technology, 32(3), 13-14. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200037126?accountid=11233
Kudo, & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.
Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239.
Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews.,437-493. </p>

Template:Chapters 7.7 - Revision history

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Mamta: Created page with " 7.7 - Grafting to improve tree propagationGryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada Introduction Grafting is a horticultural tec..."

7.7 - Grafting to improve tree propagation

Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

Introduction

Mamta: Created page with "

7.7 - Grafting to improve tree propagation

Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

Introduction

Grafting is a horticultural tec..."