Template:Chapters 7.2 - Revision history

Mamta at 16:28, 27 June 2022

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	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Pedersen,C (2022) Evaluating the use of respirators for small scale farmers to protect them from pesticide sprays, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Pedersen,C. (2022) Evaluating the use of respirators for small scale farmers to protect them from pesticide sprays, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
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Mamta at 16:28, 27 June 2022

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Mamta at 22:01, 18 June 2022

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	~~<div class="title"><h3>7.2 - Constant visual inspection for sick plants</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner"<div>~~
	<div class="title"><h3>1.1 - Gloves to help subsistence farmers</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>1.1 - Gloves to help subsistence farmers</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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Mamta at 21:58, 18 June 2022

2022-06-18T21:58:56Z

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Mamta at 21:40, 18 June 2022

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Mamta at 21:35, 13 June 2022

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	<div class="title"><h1>7.2 - Constant visual inspection for sick plants</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">~~Gryphon Therault-Loubier~~, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>7.2 - Constant visual inspection for sick plants</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Nick Moroz, University of Guelph,Canada</h3></div>
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	<h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>		<h3 class="title-bg">Introduction to Careful Seed Selection and Methods</h3>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	<p>~~Grafting is~~ a ~~horticultural technique that holds much promise~~ for farmers ~~around~~ the ~~world~~. ~~To graft~~, ~~a branch~~ of ~~a tree~~ or ~~shoot~~ of ~~a plant is cut~~ (~~“scion”~~) and ~~joined onto a decapitated rootstock~~ (~~“rootstock”~~). ~~In a successful graft~~, the ~~vascular tissues~~ of the ~~scion~~ and ~~rootstock will fuse together~~. ~~With trees~~ or ~~perennials~~, a ~~primary benefit~~ of ~~grafting~~ is ~~that it permits rapid propagation~~ of ~~a shoot~~ that ~~has desirable characteristics~~ (e.g. ~~desirable fruits)~~ by ~~taking advantage of an already established root system. Grafting allows mixing~~ and ~~matching of traits from different cultivars~~ (e.g. ~~rootstock~~ that ~~is disease resistant~~ to ~~a shoot~~ that ~~bears desirable fruits~~). ~~Grafting can usually only take place between two plants~~ of the ~~same genetic family~~. For ~~instance, successful grafting can occur between plants~~ of the ~~Solanaceae family which includes tomatoes~~, ~~eggplants~~, ~~potatoes~~ and ~~tobacco~~ (~~Kudo~~, ~~2007~~). ~~Remarkably, grafts can be successful not only within~~ the ~~same species~~ (e.g. ~~tomato with tomato~~) ~~but also between species~~ (e.g. ~~tomato with eggplant~~).</p>		<p>The importance of high seed quality for achieving a productive harvest cannot be overstated, especially over multiple harvest seasons. This paper will discuss what to look for in seed quality as well as describe methods on how to efficiently separate poor quality seeds from high quality seeds. In general, spotted or discoloured seeds mean diseased or unhealthy seeds (Rural Development Academy, 2006). In order to increase the yields of many grain crops globally, simple and low-cost solutions for seed quality control should be considered for farmers in developing countries (CSISA & IRRI, 2014; Mathur, Talukder, Veena, & Mortensen, 2004). The major method this paper will discuss is the Water Floatation Technique, a simple strategy that can be used to rid seed stocks or planting materials of infected or diseased seeds through separation. There are various techniques that can increase crop production by separating diseased seeds from healthy ones, including careful visual inspection of seeds or planting material and manual removal of discoloured or spotted seeds from the stock, hereby referred to as careful seed-selection (Rural Development Academy, 2006). One study in Bangladesh showed that careful seed-selection increased rice germination from 66% to 87%, increased seed quality and yields, and reduced disease and pest infestations in the local soils (Mathur et al., 2004). Similarly, the Water Floatation Technique can rapidly separate healthy, properly coloured seeds with those that are discoloured, malformed, and infected. Water floatation techniques assist in the rapid removal of sick or infected seeds, reducing the workload that is required in careful seed-selection by hand. Many farmers are currently employing water floatation techniques or careful seed inspection techniques but there are more who could benefit from these methods.</p>
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			<h3 class="title-bg">Why choosing the best seeds matters</h3>
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			<p>Farmers tend to select the best seeds over time and use them in the following seasons. Sometimes there are contaminated seeds that continue to be missed in the seed stock and unfortunately can be planted in following planting seasons, reducing yields and spreading infection (Mathur et al., 2004). This paper offers techniques to remove the contaminated seeds and maintain a fresh stockpile of healthy seeds for future planting, increasing seed germination and boosting yields over multiple years. In order to be confident in seed quality farmers must buy certified seeds or produce their own good seeds, and they should be constantly selecting for the healthy seeds, removing any infected seeds through water floatation or careful seed-selection (CSISA & IRRI, 2014). If a farmer is using their own seeds, the seeds should be clean and containing no weed seed, soil, or stones (CSISA & IRRI, 2014). Seeds must also be pure (only one variety), and healthy, meaning they are the same color with fully filled grains and free of cracks (CSISA & IRRI, 2014).</p>

			<p>Supply of certified seeds is extremely limited in most developing countries, with more than 95% of the seeds used in these countries coming from the informal seed sector, mostly from farmers’ own saved grains (Mathur et al., 2004). Yields can be low due to diseased seeds that result in poor germination rates and ultimately sick, unproductive crops (Mathur et al., 2004). A crop management project that started in Bangladesh in 1998 showed that rice seed samples collected from local farmers were infected by bacteria, fungi, or disease and resulted in poor germination rates (Mathur et al., 2004). The seeds that were causing low germination rates were shown to be those seeds that visually looked discoloured or spotted (Mathur et al., 2004). After careful seed-selection and manual removal of these spotted seeds, germination rates of the rice seed increased to rates of 87% on average compared to 66% on average in the original (or unaltered) seed stock samples (Mathur et al., 2004). For a thorough explanation of the methods of this study see Mathur et al. (2004). Mathur et al. (2004) results show that rice seed samples that contained the discoloured or spotted seeds had low germination and poor looking seedlings compared to the carefully selected seeds (see Table 1.0). Discolouration and spots on rice seeds are coloured due to infectious fungi and bacterial infections (Mathur et al., 2004; Singh & Rao, 1977; Rural Development Academy, 2009), and the germination of such infected seeds is diminished. Thus, this paper proposes that simple manual removal of seeds through careful selection or by water flotation techniques will greatly benefit farmers by improving their seed stores and crop health and productivity</p>
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			<p><b>Adapted from Mather et al., 2004:</b>. <i>Each sample of seeds was mixed using a Boerner divider, as required to satisfy the International Rules for Seed Testing (Mather et al., 2004). A third of the Original Stock (OS) of each sample (500g of seeds from Tangail district) was kept while the remaining two thirds OS was cleaned by hand. Using a seed spatula and forceps discoloured and spotted seeds (DSS) were removed (Mather et al., 2004). These remaining non-spotted and non-discoloured seeds were put into the category Healthy Sorted Seeds (HSS). Next, sub-samples were taken from these three categories of seeds (OS, HSS, and DSS) and germination rates were tested via the Between Paper method at 25°C and 30°C. (Mather et al., 2004).</i> </p>



	<p>One of the main reasons that a plant would be grafted would be out of a desire to maintain certain characteristics of a plant, such as in a fruit tree that would otherwise produce asexually. The offspring of an apple tree, for instance, are not very likely to mimic the parent in terms of flavor, texture. By grafting a branch of the tree with the desired fruit onto a rootstock, the fruit of the resultant tree will be highly similar to those of the parent, and allow for predictable cultivation of specific ‘varieties’ at a large scale.</p>

	<p>Grafting is an effective way to not only replicate traits that are culinary, but also agricultural traits such as drought tolerance, cold tolerance, and salinity tolerance, amongst others. For example, rootstock of a plant may have good tolerance to the cold, but may produce less fruit than another variety. When the ‘scion’ of the highly productive plant is placed on the ‘rootstock’ of the cold hardy plant, the plant will often survive and become both cold tolerant and highly productive (Mudge, 2009). </p>

	<p>Grafting allows for individual fruit farmers to respond to market changes faster than if they were to plant a young tree, since fruit will be produced quicker from the combination of mature rootstock and scion than from a younger tree (Hart, 2005). Consequently, there remains a stronger possibility that this individual will have access to larger markets and higher asking prices for in-demand fruits and vegetables. </p>		<p>Grafting allows for individual fruit farmers to respond to market changes faster than if they were to plant a young tree, since fruit will be produced quicker from the combination of mature rootstock and scion than from a younger tree (Hart, 2005). Consequently, there remains a stronger possibility that this individual will have access to larger markets and higher asking prices for in-demand fruits and vegetables. </p>

Mamta at 10:25, 9 June 2022

2022-06-09T10:25:17Z

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	<div class="title"><h1>7.2 - ~~Grafting to improve tree propagation~~</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h1>7.2 - Constant visual inspection for sick plants</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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Mamta at 10:09, 9 June 2022

2022-06-09T10:09:20Z

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Mamta: Created page with "

7.2 - Lost cost weeding tools for women

Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

Introductio..."

2022-05-24T05:57:56Z

Created page with "<div> <div class="title"><h1>7.2 - Lost cost weeding tools for women</h1><br><h3>Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div> <div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;"> <div class="center-side" style="max-width: 70%;margin-right: 3%;"> <div style="margin-top: 30px;"> <h3 style="background: #d0e5f5;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Introductio..."

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<div class="title"><h1>7.2 - Lost cost weeding tools for women</h1><br><h3>Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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<h3 style="background: #d0e5f5;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Introduction:</h3>
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<p>Traditionally, subsistence farmers have utilized a method known as broadcasting to sow seeds. Generally, broadcasting involves manually dispersing seeds throughout the field by throwing handfuls over the soil. In order for farmers to obtain a substantial yield with broadcasting, seeds must be sown at a relatively high density. Since the seeds were dispersed on the soil surface, some seeds could be lost to birds or field run-off during rainstorms (Johansen, Haque, Bell, Thierfelder, & Esdaile, 2012). Alternatively, line sowing involves sowing seeds in uniform rows either manually or with machinery (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2007). This sowing method allows for higher yields due to reduced plant competition for sunlight, water, and nutrients. Additionally, sowing seeds in rows allows for enhanced weed and pest management since farmers can more easily move through the field to removed weeds and monitor crops for pests or disease (Barberi, 2002).</p>
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<h3 style="background: #d0e5f5;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Physical Protection</h3>
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<p>Protection is the main benefit from using gloves. Repetitive motions, such as when pounding grain, can cause irritation to the skin. When collecting firewood the sticks and logs can scratch or cut the skin (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). Weeds can be rough and by scratching their hands many times they can become cut and sore (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). By lifting and pulling heavy items the top layer of your skin will separate from the next, causing a blister, by wearing gloves they now will prevent blistering because the glove will act as the top layer of skin and prevent the actual skin from separating (Schaffner, 2013). Manure has a lot of bacteria in it which are harmful if they are swallow, so keeping them away from the hands used to eat with is very beneficial (Furlong, et al., 2015). If farmers are working with firewood or in construction the cloth gloves will work better because they are more durable (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). The disposable rubber gloves would be the worst to use in this scenario because they are so thin, stick to jobs were the main goals are to keep hands dry and dirt free when using disposable rubber gloves.</p>
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<h3 style="background: #faecc8;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Defense Against Moisture and Chemicals</h3>
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<p>Moisture blocking is a way gloves can prevent your skin from drying out and from getting too wet and dehydrating farmer's hands. By keeping the moisture from the hands inside the gloves they will prevent the skin from cracking and becoming infected (Schaffner, 2013). As well when working in wet conditions your hands can shrivel and become dehydrated if they are constantly in contact with water.</p>
<p>Pesticides can be absorbed by your skin and become harmful to the body, gloves provide an extra barrier to block them from entering in a farmer's body (Furlong, et al., 2015). Fertilizers such as nitrogen can also be caustic, and these are usually spread through broadcasting by hand. Mud can get under your nails and into cracked or cut skin and can infect a farmer's hands. Gloves will keep the mud out and keep hands clean. Both liquid pesticides and dry fertilizers can irritate skin if they come into contact with it (Kim, et al., 2013). Wearing the proper gloves, rubber ones in this case, can save their hands from becoming itchy (Keeble et al., 1996). Human skin can also absorb the pesticides which are harmful to your body, wearing gloves would prevent the pesticides from ever touching your skin.</p>
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<h3 style="background: #d0e5f5;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Wearable</h3>
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<p>Comfortable gloves help farmer's work longer because their hands will not hurt from completing your task. Sizing is very important when finding comfortable gloves (Melco, 2016). Make sure gloves are the proper length and width, as not to restrict movement. There will be less pain from pulling weeds and they will be able to pull more weeds because they would not have to wait a long for the pain to subside between pulling each weed, because there will be no pain if wearing gloves (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). If farmer's find they are working hard and their hands start to sweat the gloves should be removed , dry your hands, and put on a new pair. Cloth gloves are more breathable then rubber ones, using them is another way to prevent hands from getting sweaty. The cloth gloves can also be softer and easier to clean, but are more restricting to movement due to their durability and tougher material. Since children will also be farming, smaller glove sizes can be found. Gloves are designed to fit a farmer's hand snugly, so children should not wear adult sized gloves when working. </p>
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<h3 style="background: #d0e5f5;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Constraints To Adoption</h3>
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<p>Gloves are very useful to farmers, but there can still be some drawbacks. Possible culturable taboos might vary from location to location. Gloves might seem feminine and not easily adopted by men in the community. Gloves act as a second, tougher skin, but they are not a farmer's skin and can slide around while working. This may feel odd and uncomfortable but farmers can get used to the new feeling over time. Gloves can come in many colours and thicknesses, which may make a farmer's hands look funny or larger. Human skin is very stretchy and flexible, while glove materials tend to be tougher than skin and will reduce movement, but not enough to hinder work. Rubber gloves can stretch well, but make hands sweat, while cloth gloves are breathable but reduce dexterity.</p>
<p>Farmers can find gloves to use and get started from local vendors (European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease, 2016). Once you have completed your work for the day you can clean them are reuse them, or dispose of them if they were ripped or torn (Kim, et al., 2013). You can get gloves made of rubber and like materials as well as ones made of durable cloths. The thin rubber gloves tend to be made for a single use only. A trick that the European Commission For The Control Foot-And-Mouth Disease mentions that you can wear two pairs of rubber gloves at the same time for extra protection (European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease, 2016).</p>
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<h3 style="background: #d0e5f5;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Helpful Links To Get Started </h3>
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<p>Here are websites to find more information about how to obtain gloves:</p>
<p>[https://www.alibaba.com/ Alibaba]</p>
<p>[https://www.indiamart.com/ Indiamart]</p>
<p>[http://www.store.nzfarmsource.co.nz/ Store Nzfarmsource]</p>
<p>[https://www.adenna.com Adenna]</p>
<p>[https://www.farmcity.co.za/ Farmcity]</p>
<p>[https://www.crazystore.co.za/ Crazystore]</p>
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<h3 style="background: #d0e5f5;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">References</h3>
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<p>Espasandín-Arias, M., & Goossens, A. (2014). Natural rubber gloves might not protect against skin penetration of methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis, 70(4), 249-251. doi:10.1111/cod.12221</p>
<p>European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease. Suggested FMD PPE guidelines - Food and Agriculture, (2016)
Food and Agriculture Organization. Rural women in household production: Increasing contributions and persisting drudgery. (2016).
</p>
<p>Furlong, M., Tanner, C. M., Goldman, S. M., Bhudhikanok, G. S., Blair, A., Chade, A., . . . Kamel, F. (2015). Protective glove use and hygiene habits modify the associations of specific pesticides with Parkinson's disease. Environment International, 75, 144-150. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.002</p>
<p>Keeble, V. B., Correll, L., & Ehrich, M. (1996). Effect of Laundering on Ability of Glove Fabrics to Decrease the Penetration of Organophosphate Insecticides Through in vitro Epidermal Systems. J. Appl. Toxicol. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16(5), 401-406. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199609)16:53.3.co;2-6</p>
<p>Kim, J., Kim, J., Cha, E., Ko, Y., Kim, D., & Lee, W. (2013). Work-Related Risk Factors by Severity for Acute Pesticide Poisoning Among Male Farmers in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(3), 1100-1112. doi:10.3390/ijerph10031100</p>
<p>Melco, M. (2016). Gardening Gloves. Retrieved from [http://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Gardening_Gloves Garden Lovetoknow]</p>
<p>Schaffner, A. D. (2013). Minimizing Surgical Skin Incision Scars with a Latex Surgical Glove. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 37(2), 463-463. doi:10.1007/s00266-013-0071-y</p>
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<h3 style="background: #d0e5f5;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Today’s featured picture</h3>
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<p>[[File:Ch1.png|300px|thumb|left]]</p>
<p>Performance for dense matrix multiplication</p>
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<h3 style="background: #d0e5f5;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Work organization</h3>
<div class="links" style="background: #f1f5fc;padding: 15px;font-weight: 400;color: #212529;font-size: 16px;margin:unset;line-height: 1.5;">
<p>[http://www.msu.ru/en/ Description of algorithm properties and structure]</p>
<p style="color:#ba0000 !important;">[http://parallel.ru/index_eng.html Guides to writing sections of the algorithm’s description]</p>
<p>[http://srcc.msu.ru Glossary]</p>
<p>[http://srcc.msu.ru Help with editing]</p>
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<h3 style="background: #d0e5f5;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Readiness of articles</h3>
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<p><strong>Finished articles:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>[http://www.msu.ru/en/ Description of algorithm properties and structure]</p></li>
<li><p style="color:#ba0000 !important;">[http://parallel.ru/index_eng.html Guides to writing sections of the algorithm’s description]</p></li>
<li><p>[http://srcc.msu.ru Glossary]</p></li>
<li><p>[http://srcc.msu.ru Help with editing]</p></li>
</ul>
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