Template:Chapters 4.1.2 - Revision history

Mamta at 08:55, 13 January 2026

2026-01-13T08:55:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:55, 13 January 2026
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	<p><i> https://www.accessagriculture.org/analysing-soil-ph-and-organic-matter?cat_id=1499</i></p>		<p><i> https://www.accessagriculture.org/analysing-soil-ph-and-organic-matter?cat_id=1499</i></p>
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Harding,DP (2022) Litmus paper and liming for adjusting soil pH, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Harding, DP (2022) Litmus paper and liming for adjusting soil pH, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
	<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">		<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">
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Mamta at 08:54, 13 January 2026

2026-01-13T08:54:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:54, 13 January 2026
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	<p><b>Related video(s)</b>: Analysing soil pH and organic matter (Source: Access Agriculture)</p>		<p><b>Related video(s)</b>: Analysing soil pH and organic matter (Source: Access Agriculture)</p>
	<p><i> https://www.accessagriculture.org/analysing-soil-ph-and-organic-matter?cat_id=1499</i></p>		<p><i> https://www.accessagriculture.org/analysing-soil-ph-and-organic-matter?cat_id=1499</i></p>

	~~<p>https://sciencestockphotos.com/free/chemistry/ph_paper.jpg</p>~~
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Harding,DP (2022) Litmus paper and liming for adjusting soil pH, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Harding,DP (2022) Litmus paper and liming for adjusting soil pH, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>

Mamta at 08:52, 13 January 2026

2026-01-13T08:52:35Z

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	[[File:4.1.2.jpeg\|300px]]		[[File:4.1.2.jpeg\|300px]]
			<p><b>Related video(s)</b>: Analysing soil pH and organic matter (Source: Access Agriculture)</p>
			<p><i> https://www.accessagriculture.org/analysing-soil-ph-and-organic-matter?cat_id=1499</i></p>

	<p>https://sciencestockphotos.com/free/chemistry/ph_paper.jpg</p>		<p>https://sciencestockphotos.com/free/chemistry/ph_paper.jpg</p>
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>

Mamta at 13:33, 29 August 2024

2024-08-29T13:33:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:33, 29 August 2024
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	<div class="title"><h3>4.1.2 - Litmus paper and liming for adjusting soil pH</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>4.1.2 - Litmus paper and liming for adjusting soil pH</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
	<div class="hero-img-2">		<div class="hero-img-2">
	[[File:~~Ph paper~~.~~jpg~~\|300px]]		[[File:4.1.2.jpeg\|300px]]
	<p>https://sciencestockphotos.com/free/chemistry/ph_paper.jpg</p>		<p>https://sciencestockphotos.com/free/chemistry/ph_paper.jpg</p>
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>

Mamta at 08:04, 29 December 2023

2023-12-29T08:04:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 29 December 2023
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	<p><i>For North Africa And Middle East version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/4.1n._africa_middleeast.pdf</i></p>		<p><i>For North Africa And Middle East version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/4.1n._africa_middleeast.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and LJ Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada. </i></p>		<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and LJ Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada. </i></p>
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	<p>pH meter suppliers:</p>		<p>pH meter suppliers:</p>
	<p>[Hach International (based in India) also ships to many African and Latin American countries: http://www.hach.com/AfricaDistributors]</p>		<p>[Hach International (based in India) also ships to many African and Latin American countries: http://www.hach.com/AfricaDistributors
			</p>
	<p>[pH indicator strip suppliers		<p>[pH indicator strip suppliers
	Sigma Aldridge (will ship internationally) http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/fluka/37109?lang=en&region=D		Sigma Aldridge (will ship internationally) http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/fluka/37109?lang=en&region=D

Mamta at 08:03, 29 December 2023

2023-12-29T08:03:23Z

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 <p>When testing pH (by any method) at least three areas of the field should be tested to decrease the likelihood of an isolated area with a significantly different pH value causing an inaccurate conclusion regarding soil acidity. As well, both surface soil and soil approximately 1 foot beneath the surface should be tested in order to recognize potential pH variation between soil strata.</p>
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Mamta at 13:41, 11 December 2023

2023-12-11T13:41:51Z

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	<div>		<div>
	<div class="title"><h3>4.1.2 - Litmus paper and liming for adjusting soil pH</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>4.1.2 - Litmus paper and liming for adjusting soil pH</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
			<div class="hero-img-2">
			[[File:Ph paper.jpg\|300px]]
			<p>https://sciencestockphotos.com/free/chemistry/ph_paper.jpg</p>
			<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
			<p>Harding,DP (2022) Litmus paper and liming for adjusting soil pH, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
	<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">		<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">
	<div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">		<div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">

Mamta at 18:11, 9 June 2022

2022-06-09T18:11:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:11, 9 June 2022
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	<p>Acidity and alkalinity are indicated using the pH scale. This scale uses values ranging from 0 to 14, with a value of 7 representing a “neutral” environment, or one in which there are neither H+ nor OH- ions, but simply pure H2O. Values less than 7 are considered “acidic” and values above 7 are considered “basic” or “alkaline”. pH is measured according to a logarithmic scale, which means that each unit represents a tenfold increase over the previous unit. For example, if the pH in a given environment changes from 6 to 5, this indicates that there is ten times the hydrogen ion concentration when pH is 5 than when the pH was 6. If the pH drops to 4, then the hydrogen ion concentration is 10 times greater than it was at 5, and 100 times greater than what it was at 6. Another way to consider pH is that an increase of 0.1 units represents a halving in the hydrogen ion concentration, and a drop of 0.1 units represents a doubling in hydrogen ion concentration. </p>		<p>Acidity and alkalinity are indicated using the pH scale. This scale uses values ranging from 0 to 14, with a value of 7 representing a “neutral” environment, or one in which there are neither H+ nor OH- ions, but simply pure H2O. Values less than 7 are considered “acidic” and values above 7 are considered “basic” or “alkaline”. pH is measured according to a logarithmic scale, which means that each unit represents a tenfold increase over the previous unit. For example, if the pH in a given environment changes from 6 to 5, this indicates that there is ten times the hydrogen ion concentration when pH is 5 than when the pH was 6. If the pH drops to 4, then the hydrogen ion concentration is 10 times greater than it was at 5, and 100 times greater than what it was at 6. Another way to consider pH is that an increase of 0.1 units represents a halving in the hydrogen ion concentration, and a drop of 0.1 units represents a doubling in hydrogen ion concentration. </p>
	<p>&#~~8592~~; Increasing H+ ion concentration &#~~8592~~; Pure Water &#~~8594~~; Increasing OH- ion concentration &#~~8594~~; </p>		<p>⇦ Increasing H+ ion concentration ⇦ Pure Water ⇨ Increasing OH- ion concentration ⇨</p>
	<p>&#~~8592~~; 0 to 6.9 &#~~8646~~; 7 &#~~8646~~; 7.1 to 14 &#~~8594~~;</p>		<p>⇦ 0 to 6.9 ⇨⇦ 7 ⇨⇦ 7.1 to 14 ⇨</p>


	<div style="margin-top: 30px;">		<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
	<h3 class="title-bg">pH Effect on Crops</h3>		<h3 class="title-bg">pH Effect on Crops</h3>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">

	<p>Every crop has a range of pH that will optimize its growth. Most crops prefer mildly acidic pHs of between 6 and 7 however this will vary between crop varieties. </p>		<p>Every crop has a range of pH that will optimize its growth. Most crops prefer mildly acidic pHs of between 6 and 7 however this will vary between crop varieties. </p>

Mamta at 13:28, 9 June 2022

2022-06-09T13:28:53Z

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	<p>1.Espasandín-Arias, M., & Goossens, A. (2014). Natural rubber gloves might not protect against skin penetration of methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis, 70(4), 249-251. doi:10.1111/cod.12221</p>		<p>1.Espasandín-Arias, M., & Goossens, A. (2014). Natural rubber gloves might not protect against skin penetration of methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis, 70(4), 249-251. doi:10.1111/cod.12221</p>
	<p>2.European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease. Suggested FMD PPE guidelines - Food and Agriculture, (2016)		<p>2.European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease. Suggested FMD PPE guidelines - Food and Agriculture (2016)
	Food and Agriculture Organization. Rural women in household production: Increasing contributions and persisting drudgery. ~~(2016).~~		Food and Agriculture Organization. Rural women in household production: Increasing contributions and persisting drudgery.</p>
	</p>
	<p>3.Furlong, M., Tanner, C. M., Goldman, S. M., Bhudhikanok, G. S., Blair, A., Chade, A., . . . Kamel, F. (2015). Protective glove use and hygiene habits modify the associations of specific pesticides with Parkinson's disease. Environment International, 75, 144-150. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.002</p>		<p>3.Furlong, M., Tanner, C. M., Goldman, S. M., Bhudhikanok, G. S., Blair, A., Chade, A., . . . Kamel, F. (2015). Protective glove use and hygiene habits modify the associations of specific pesticides with Parkinson's disease. Environment International, 75, 144-150. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.002</p>
	<p>4.Keeble, V. B., Correll, L., & Ehrich, M. (1996). Effect of Laundering on Ability of Glove Fabrics to Decrease the Penetration of Organophosphate Insecticides Through in vitro Epidermal Systems. J. Appl. Toxicol. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16(5), 401-406. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199609)16:53.3.co;2-6</p>		<p>4.Keeble, V. B., Correll, L., & Ehrich, M. (1996). Effect of Laundering on Ability of Glove Fabrics to Decrease the Penetration of Organophosphate Insecticides Through in vitro Epidermal Systems. J. Appl. Toxicol. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16(5), 401-406. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199609)16:53.3.co;2-6</p>

Mamta at 20:15, 8 June 2022

2022-06-08T20:15:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:15, 8 June 2022
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	<p>Acidity and alkalinity are indicated using the pH scale. This scale uses values ranging from 0 to 14, with a value of 7 representing a “neutral” environment, or one in which there are neither H+ nor OH- ions, but simply pure H2O. Values less than 7 are considered “acidic” and values above 7 are considered “basic” or “alkaline”. pH is measured according to a logarithmic scale, which means that each unit represents a tenfold increase over the previous unit. For example, if the pH in a given environment changes from 6 to 5, this indicates that there is ten times the hydrogen ion concentration when pH is 5 than when the pH was 6. If the pH drops to 4, then the hydrogen ion concentration is 10 times greater than it was at 5, and 100 times greater than what it was at 6. Another way to consider pH is that an increase of 0.1 units represents a halving in the hydrogen ion concentration, and a drop of 0.1 units represents a doubling in hydrogen ion concentration. </p>		<p>Acidity and alkalinity are indicated using the pH scale. This scale uses values ranging from 0 to 14, with a value of 7 representing a “neutral” environment, or one in which there are neither H+ nor OH- ions, but simply pure H2O. Values less than 7 are considered “acidic” and values above 7 are considered “basic” or “alkaline”. pH is measured according to a logarithmic scale, which means that each unit represents a tenfold increase over the previous unit. For example, if the pH in a given environment changes from 6 to 5, this indicates that there is ten times the hydrogen ion concentration when pH is 5 than when the pH was 6. If the pH drops to 4, then the hydrogen ion concentration is 10 times greater than it was at 5, and 100 times greater than what it was at 6. Another way to consider pH is that an increase of 0.1 units represents a halving in the hydrogen ion concentration, and a drop of 0.1 units represents a doubling in hydrogen ion concentration. </p>
	<p>← Increasing H+ ion concentration ←Pure Water → Increasing OH- ion concentration →</p>		<p>← Increasing H+ ion concentration ← Pure Water → Increasing OH- ion concentration → </p>
	<p>← 0 to 6.9 ⇆ 7 ⇆ 7.1 to 14 →</p>		<p>← 0 to 6.9 ⇆ 7 ⇆ 7.1 to 14 →</p>


	<div style="margin-top: 30px;">		<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
	<h3 class="title-bg">pH Effect on Crops</h3>		<h3 class="title-bg">pH Effect on Crops</h3>
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	<p>Calcium carbonate, commonly known as lime, can be applied to a soil in order to counteract acidity. When introduced to the soil environment, lime will react with H+ ions in such a way that they are converted to H2O, thus decreasing acidity. </p>		<p>Calcium carbonate, commonly known as lime, can be applied to a soil in order to counteract acidity. When introduced to the soil environment, lime will react with H+ ions in such a way that they are converted to H2O, thus decreasing acidity. </p>
	<p>Step 1) CaCO3~~⇨~~ (lime) + H2O (soil water) ⇨ Ca2+ + 2 OH- + CO2		<p>Step 1) CaCO3(lime) + H2O (soil water) ⇨ Ca2+ + 2 OH- + CO2</p>
	Step 2) 2 OH- (from lime breakdown) + 2 H+ (cause of soil acidity) ⇨ 2 H2O (acidity neutralized as water is formed) </p>		<p>Step 2) 2 OH- (from lime breakdown) + 2 H+ (cause of soil acidity) ⇨ 2 H2O (acidity neutralized as water is formed) </p>

	<p>The nutrient holding capacity of the soil must be considered when determining the appropriate amount of lime to add. Ideally the nutrient holding capacity of a soil will be measured before lime application so that a specific lime rate can be formulated. In general, soils that are predominantly composed of clay will have a high CEC and soils and that predominantly sandy will have a low CEC. If the equipment to determine buffer capacity is not available, then the CEC can be estimated based on soil texture.</p>		<p>The nutrient holding capacity of the soil must be considered when determining the appropriate amount of lime to add. Ideally the nutrient holding capacity of a soil will be measured before lime application so that a specific lime rate can be formulated. In general, soils that are predominantly composed of clay will have a high CEC and soils and that predominantly sandy will have a low CEC. If the equipment to determine buffer capacity is not available, then the CEC can be estimated based on soil texture.</p>