Template:Chapters 2.1 - Revision history

Mamta at 13:57, 12 July 2022

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			<div class="title"><h1>2.7 - Intercropping cereals and legumes</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">
	<p><i><b>COMING SOON</b></i></p>		<p><i><b>COMING SOON</b></i></p>

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	~~<div>~~		<p><i><b>COMING SOON</b></i></p>
	~~<div class="title"><h1>2.1 - Grafting to improve tree propagation</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>~~
	~~<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">~~
	~~<div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">~~
	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~



	<p>Grafting is a horticultural technique that holds much promise for farmers around the world. To graft, a branch of a tree or shoot of a plant is cut (“scion”) and joined onto a decapitated rootstock (“rootstock”). In a successful graft, the vascular tissues of the scion and rootstock will fuse together. With trees or perennials, a primary benefit of grafting is that it permits rapid propagation of a shoot that has desirable characteristics (e.g. desirable fruits) by taking advantage of an already established root system. Grafting allows mixing and matching of traits from different cultivars (e.g. rootstock that is disease resistant to a shoot that bears desirable fruits). Grafting can usually only take place between two plants of the same genetic family. For instance, successful grafting can occur between plants of the Solanaceae family which includes tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes and tobacco (Kudo, 2007). Remarkably, grafts can be successful not only within the same species (e.g. tomato with tomato) but also between species (e.g. tomato with eggplant).</p>

	<p>One of the main reasons that a plant would be grafted would be out of a desire to maintain certain characteristics of a plant, such as in a fruit tree that would otherwise produce asexually. The offspring of an apple tree, for instance, are not very likely to mimic the parent in terms of flavor, texture. By grafting a branch of the tree with the desired fruit onto a rootstock, the fruit of the resultant tree will be highly similar to those of the parent, and allow for predictable cultivation of specific ‘varieties’ at a large scale.</p>

	<p>Grafting is an effective way to not only replicate traits that are culinary, but also agricultural traits such as drought tolerance, cold tolerance, and salinity tolerance, amongst others. For example, rootstock of a plant may have good tolerance to the cold, but may produce less fruit than another variety. When the ‘scion’ of the highly productive plant is placed on the ‘rootstock’ of the cold hardy plant, the plant will often survive and become both cold tolerant and highly productive (Mudge, 2009). </p>

	<p>Grafting allows for individual fruit farmers to respond to market changes faster than if they were to plant a young tree, since fruit will be produced quicker from the combination of mature rootstock and scion than from a younger tree (Hart, 2005). Consequently, there remains a stronger possibility that this individual will have access to larger markets and higher asking prices for in-demand fruits and vegetables. </p>

	<p>Some trees, such as the Baobob tree from the Sahel countries of Africa, are grafted quite easily, with success rates ranging from 80-95% (Maranz, 2008). However, this is not consistent across all species, and does not account for the ‘learning curve’ in practicing proper technique. Maranz (2008) notes that ‘exotic’ varieties of Baobob (those from other Sahel countries) have superior nutritional benefits, and determines that grafting represents an interesting possibility for developing a market for the new varieties, since the local variety has far superior basal diameter, tree height, and resistance to termites. Assah (2011) details the possibility of an emerging market for three novel Alanblackia species in Africa for its nutritive, medicinal, cosmetic, and detergent properties. These species could be grafted onto locally available rootstock for local production to take place. Mudge (2009) details the grafting of Ceara rubber tree onto a cassava rootstock, for the purpose of invigorating the rootstock. The resulting yield of cassava tubers was increased by 30-100% depending on the combination of species. </p>
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Critical analysis</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	<p>Grafting at a large scale is labour intensive, and does require some training. The success rate of grafting is highly variable depending on species; research should be performed on the specific species to determine average success rates, or a test plot should be initiated (Mudge, 2009).
	~~There is an ongoing debate about the possibility of the transference of genetic material from scion to rootstock and how this affects the ‘heritage’ of traditional varieties (Mudge, 2009).</p>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~

	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Practical tips</h3>~~
	~~<div style="background: #FFD8A4;padding: 15px;font-weight: 400;color: #212529;font-size: 16px;margin:unset;line-height: 1.5;">~~
	~~<p>The University of Minnesota has a comprehensive manual on grafting, including timing, species selection, and materials needed. </p>~~
	~~<p>The University of Arizona publishes free ‘how-to’ videos on vegetable grafting. While limited to tomatoes, curcubits and eggplants, many of the principles remain the same. </p>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	<p>1.Asaah, E., Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngahane, W., Tsobeng, A., Kouodiekong, L., Jamnadass, R., & Simons, A. (2011). Allanblackia floribunda: A new oil tree crop for africa: Amenability to grafting. New Forests, 41(3), 389-398.</P>
	~~<P>2.Hart, T., & Burgess, R. (2005). Grafting keeps farmer in the export market. Appropriate Technology, 32(3), 13-14. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200037126?accountid=11233.</P>~~
	<P>3.Kudo, & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.</P>
	<P>4.Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239. </P>
	<P>~~5.Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews.,437-493.~~ </p>

Mamta at 18:15, 11 June 2022

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 <p>Some trees, such as the Baobob tree from the Sahel countries of Africa, are grafted quite easily, with success rates ranging from 80-95% (Maranz, 2008). However, this is not consistent across all species, and does not account for the ‘learning curve’ in practicing proper technique. Maranz (2008) notes that ‘exotic’ varieties of Baobob (those from other Sahel countries) have superior nutritional benefits, and determines that grafting represents an interesting possibility for developing a market for the new varieties, since the local variety has far superior basal diameter, tree height, and resistance to termites. Assah (2011) details the possibility of an emerging market for three novel Alanblackia species in Africa for its nutritive, medicinal, cosmetic, and detergent properties. These species could be grafted onto locally available rootstock for local production to take place. Mudge (2009) details the grafting of Ceara rubber tree onto a cassava rootstock, for the purpose of invigorating the rootstock. The resulting yield of cassava tubers was increased by 30-100% depending on the combination of species. </p>
     </div>
+   </div>
-   <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
+ <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
         <h3 class="title-bg">Critical analysis</h3>
          <div class="cont-bg">
@@ Line 37: / Line 35: @@
       </div>
     </div>
   <div style="margin-top: 30px;">
         <h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>
          <div class="cont-bg">
-           <p>Asaah, E., Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngahane, W., Tsobeng, A., Kouodiekong, L., Jamnadass, R., & Simons, A. (2011). Allanblackia floribunda: A new oil tree crop for africa: Amenability to grafting. New Forests, 41(3), 389-398.
+           <p>1.Asaah, E., Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngahane, W., Tsobeng, A., Kouodiekong, L., Jamnadass, R., & Simons, A. (2011). Allanblackia floribunda: A new oil tree crop for africa: Amenability to grafting. New Forests, 41(3), 389-398.</P>
-Hart, T., & Burgess, R. (2005). Grafting keeps farmer in the export market. Appropriate Technology, 32(3), 13-14. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200037126?accountid=11233
+<P>2.Hart, T., & Burgess, R. (2005). Grafting keeps farmer in the export market. Appropriate Technology, 32(3), 13-14. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200037126?accountid=11233.</P>
-Kudo,  & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.
+<P>3.Kudo,  & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.</P>
-Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239.
+<P>4.Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239. </P>
-Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews.,437-493. </p>
+<P>5.Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews.,437-493. </p>

Mamta at 05:00, 6 June 2022

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-  <div class="title"><h1>3.6 - Grafting to improve tree propagation</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
+  <div class="title"><h1>2.1 - Grafting to improve tree propagation</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
   <div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">
   <div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">
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     <div style="margin-top: 30px;">

Mamta at 13:15, 3 June 2022

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	<div>		<div>
	<div class="title"><h1>3.6 - Grafting to improve tree propagation</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier		<div class="title"><h1>3.6 - Grafting to improve tree propagation</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
	, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
	<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">		<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">
	<div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">		<div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">

Mamta at 13:14, 3 June 2022

2022-06-03T13:14:09Z

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	<div>		<div>
	~~<div class="title"><h1>2.1 - Intercropping cereals and legumes</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>~~		<div class="title"><h1>3.6 - Grafting to improve tree propagation</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier
	~~<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">~~		, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
	~~<div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">~~
	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	~~<div>~~
	<div class="title"><h1>3.6 - Grafting to improve tree propagation</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
	<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">		<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">
	<div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">		<div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">
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	<h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>		<h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">



	<p>Grafting is a horticultural technique that holds much promise for farmers around the world. To graft, a branch of a tree or shoot of a plant is cut (“scion”) and joined onto a decapitated rootstock (“rootstock”). In a successful graft, the vascular tissues of the scion and rootstock will fuse together. With trees or perennials, a primary benefit of grafting is that it permits rapid propagation of a shoot that has desirable characteristics (e.g. desirable fruits) by taking advantage of an already established root system. Grafting allows mixing and matching of traits from different cultivars (e.g. rootstock that is disease resistant to a shoot that bears desirable fruits). Grafting can usually only take place between two plants of the same genetic family. For instance, successful grafting can occur between plants of the Solanaceae family which includes tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes and tobacco (Kudo, 2007). Remarkably, grafts can be successful not only within the same species (e.g. tomato with tomato) but also between species (e.g. tomato with eggplant).</p>		<p>Grafting is a horticultural technique that holds much promise for farmers around the world. To graft, a branch of a tree or shoot of a plant is cut (“scion”) and joined onto a decapitated rootstock (“rootstock”). In a successful graft, the vascular tissues of the scion and rootstock will fuse together. With trees or perennials, a primary benefit of grafting is that it permits rapid propagation of a shoot that has desirable characteristics (e.g. desirable fruits) by taking advantage of an already established root system. Grafting allows mixing and matching of traits from different cultivars (e.g. rootstock that is disease resistant to a shoot that bears desirable fruits). Grafting can usually only take place between two plants of the same genetic family. For instance, successful grafting can occur between plants of the Solanaceae family which includes tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes and tobacco (Kudo, 2007). Remarkably, grafts can be successful not only within the same species (e.g. tomato with tomato) but also between species (e.g. tomato with eggplant).</p>

Mamta at 09:23, 3 June 2022

2022-06-03T09:23:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:23, 3 June 2022
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	Kudo, & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.		Kudo, & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.
	Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239.		Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239.
	Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews.,437-493.		Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews.,437-493. </p>
	. </p>

Mamta at 09:22, 3 June 2022

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@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 Kudo,  & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.
 Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239.
-Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews., , 437-493.
+Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews.,437-493.
 . </p>

Mamta at 09:20, 3 June 2022

2022-06-03T09:20:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:20, 3 June 2022
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	<div style="margin-top: 30px;">		<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
	<h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">~~Defense Against Moisture and Chemicals~~</h3>		<h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Practical tips</h3>
	<div style="background: #FFD8A4;padding: 15px;font-weight: 400;color: #212529;font-size: 16px;margin:unset;line-height: 1.5;">		<div style="background: #FFD8A4;padding: 15px;font-weight: 400;color: #212529;font-size: 16px;margin:unset;line-height: 1.5;">
	<p>~~Moisture blocking is~~ a way gloves can prevent your skin from drying out and from getting too wet and dehydrating farmer's hands. By keeping the moisture from the hands inside the gloves they will prevent the skin from cracking and becoming infected (Schaffner, ~~2013). As well when working in wet conditions your hands can shrivel~~ and ~~become dehydrated if they are constantly in contact with water~~.</p>		<p>The University of Minnesota has a comprehensive manual on grafting, including timing, species selection, and materials needed. </p>
	<p>~~Pesticides can be absorbed by your skin and become harmful to the body, gloves provide an extra barrier~~ to ~~block them from entering in a farmer's body (Furlong, et al., 2015). Fertilizers such as nitrogen can also be caustic~~, and these are usually spread through broadcasting by hand. Mud can get under your nails and into cracked or cut skin and can infect a farmer's hands. Gloves will keep the mud out and keep hands clean. Both liquid pesticides and dry fertilizers can irritate skin if they come into contact with it (Kim, et al., 2013). Wearing the proper gloves, rubber ones in this case, can save their hands from becoming itchy (Keeble et al., ~~1996). Human skin can also absorb~~ the ~~pesticides which are harmful to your body, wearing gloves would prevent~~ the ~~pesticides from ever touching your skin~~.</p>		<p>The University of Arizona publishes free ‘how-to’ videos on vegetable grafting. While limited to tomatoes, curcubits and eggplants, many of the principles remain the same. </p>
	</div>		</div>
	</div>		</div>

	<div style="margin-top: 30px;">		<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
	<h3 class="title-bg">~~Wearable~~</h3>		<h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	<p>~~Comfortable gloves help farmer's work longer because their hands will not hurt from completing your task~~. ~~Sizing is very important when finding comfortable gloves~~ (~~Melco~~, ~~2016~~). ~~Make sure gloves are~~ the ~~proper length and width~~, ~~as not to restrict movement~~. ~~There will be less pain~~ from ~~pulling weeds and they will be able to pull more weeds because they would not have to wait a long~~ for ~~the pain to subside between pulling each weed~~, ~~because there will be no pain if wearing gloves~~ (~~Food and Agriculture Organization~~, ~~2016~~). ~~If farmer's find they are working hard and their hands start~~ to ~~sweat the gloves should~~ be ~~removed~~ , ~~dry your hands~~, ~~and put on a new pair~~. ~~Cloth gloves are more breathable then rubber ones~~, ~~using them is another way to prevent hands from getting sweaty~~. ~~The cloth gloves can also be softer and easier to clean~~, ~~but are more restricting to movement due to their durability and tougher material~~. ~~Since children will also be farming~~, ~~smaller glove sizes can be found~~. ~~Gloves are designed to fit a farmer's hand snugly~~, ~~so children should not wear adult sized gloves when working~~. </p>		<p>Asaah, E., Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngahane, W., Tsobeng, A., Kouodiekong, L., Jamnadass, R., & Simons, A. (2011). Allanblackia floribunda: A new oil tree crop for africa: Amenability to grafting. New Forests, 41(3), 389-398.
			Hart, T., & Burgess, R. (2005). Grafting keeps farmer in the export market. Appropriate Technology, 32(3), 13-14. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200037126?accountid=11233
			Kudo, & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.
			Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239.
			Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews., , 437-493.
			. </p>
	</div>		</div>
	</div>		</div>

Mamta at 09:14, 3 June 2022

2022-06-03T09:14:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:14, 3 June 2022
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	<p>Grafting allows for individual fruit farmers to respond to market changes faster than if they were to plant a young tree, since fruit will be produced quicker from the combination of mature rootstock and scion than from a younger tree (Hart, 2005). Consequently, there remains a stronger possibility that this individual will have access to larger markets and higher asking prices for in-demand fruits and vegetables. </p>		<p>Grafting allows for individual fruit farmers to respond to market changes faster than if they were to plant a young tree, since fruit will be produced quicker from the combination of mature rootstock and scion than from a younger tree (Hart, 2005). Consequently, there remains a stronger possibility that this individual will have access to larger markets and higher asking prices for in-demand fruits and vegetables. </p>

			<p>Some trees, such as the Baobob tree from the Sahel countries of Africa, are grafted quite easily, with success rates ranging from 80-95% (Maranz, 2008). However, this is not consistent across all species, and does not account for the ‘learning curve’ in practicing proper technique. Maranz (2008) notes that ‘exotic’ varieties of Baobob (those from other Sahel countries) have superior nutritional benefits, and determines that grafting represents an interesting possibility for developing a market for the new varieties, since the local variety has far superior basal diameter, tree height, and resistance to termites. Assah (2011) details the possibility of an emerging market for three novel Alanblackia species in Africa for its nutritive, medicinal, cosmetic, and detergent properties. These species could be grafted onto locally available rootstock for local production to take place. Mudge (2009) details the grafting of Ceara rubber tree onto a cassava rootstock, for the purpose of invigorating the rootstock. The resulting yield of cassava tubers was increased by 30-100% depending on the combination of species. </p>

	</div>		</div>
	</div>		</div>

	<div style="margin-top: 30px;">		<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
	<h3 class="title-bg">~~Physical Protection~~</h3>		<h3 class="title-bg">Critical analysis</h3>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	<p>~~Protection~~ is ~~the main benefit from using gloves. Repetitive motions~~, ~~such as when pounding grain, can cause irritation to the skin~~. ~~When collecting firewood~~ the ~~sticks and logs can scratch~~ or ~~cut the skin (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). Weeds can~~ be ~~rough and by scratching their hands many times they can become cut and sore~~ (~~Espasandín-Arias & Goossens~~, ~~2014~~). ~~By lifting and pulling heavy items~~ the ~~top layer~~ of ~~your skin will separate from the next, causing a blister, by wearing gloves they now will prevent blistering because the glove will act as~~ the ~~top layer~~ of ~~skin~~ and ~~prevent~~ the ~~actual skin from separating (Schaffner, 2013). Manure has a lot~~ of bacteria in it which are harmful if they are swallow, so keeping them away from the hands used to eat with is very beneficial (Furlong, et al., 2015). If farmers are working with firewood or in construction the cloth gloves will work better because they are more durable (~~Food and Agriculture Organization~~, ~~2016~~). The disposable rubber gloves would be the worst to use in this scenario because they are so thin, stick to jobs were the main goals are to keep hands dry and dirt free when using disposable rubber gloves.</p>		<p>Grafting at a large scale is labour intensive, and does require some training. The success rate of grafting is highly variable depending on species; research should be performed on the specific species to determine average success rates, or a test plot should be initiated (Mudge, 2009).
			There is an ongoing debate about the possibility of the transference of genetic material from scion to rootstock and how this affects the ‘heritage’ of traditional varieties (Mudge, 2009).</p>
	</div>		</div>
	</div>		</div>