Template:Chapters 10.2 - Revision history

Mamta at 11:13, 21 August 2022

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 The main issues associated with this strategy are possible toxicity to livestock and humans, the potential difficulty of collecting viable seeds, the weedy persistence of the candidate species beyond its intended agronomic season, and possible allelopathic properties associated with the candidate species. If it is possible, an internet search of the candidate species may aid in understanding any of these risks. If it is not possible, establishing trials and observing results will help evaluate whether the candidate weed is a desirable option.
 	<p>African subsistence farmers typically have a low rate of adoption for improved forages (Paul et al. 2013). The associated risks of using weedy species as fodder may be undesirable. However, there is a great need for innovation to mitigate the stress of extended dry periods on both humans and livestock. The cultivation of wild plants can also assist in global efforts to increase biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, as well as begin a domestication process to yield new crop species (Small & Raizada 2016). There is also the potential for business creation for smallholders selling seeds within their community. Cleaned seeds and chemically treated seed may assist in germination rates and could add value to the product, if they can be acquired.</p>
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Mamta at 11:10, 21 August 2022

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 Critical Analysis
 The main issues associated with this strategy are possible toxicity to livestock and humans, the potential difficulty of collecting viable seeds, the weedy persistence of the candidate species beyond its intended agronomic season, and possible allelopathic properties associated with the candidate species. If it is possible, an internet search of the candidate species may aid in understanding any of these risks. If it is not possible, establishing trials and observing results will help evaluate whether the candidate weed is a desirable option.
-	African subsistence farmers typically have a low rate of adoption for improved forages (Paul et al. 2013). The associated risks of using weedy species as fodder may be undesirable. However, there is a great need for innovation to mitigate the stress of extended dry periods on both humans and livestock. The cultivation of wild plants can also assist in global efforts to increase biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, as well as begin a domestication process to yield new crop species (Small & Raizada 2016). There is also the potential for business creation for smallholders selling seeds within their community. Cleaned seeds and chemically treated seed may assist in germination rates and could add value to the product, if they can be acquired.
+	<p>African subsistence farmers typically have a low rate of adoption for improved forages (Paul et al. 2013). The associated risks of using weedy species as fodder may be undesirable. However, there is a great need for innovation to mitigate the stress of extended dry periods on both humans and livestock. The cultivation of wild plants can also assist in global efforts to increase biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, as well as begin a domestication process to yield new crop species (Small & Raizada 2016). There is also the potential for business creation for smallholders selling seeds within their community. Cleaned seeds and chemically treated seed may assist in germination rates and could add value to the product, if they can be acquired.</p>
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Mamta at 12:19, 24 June 2022

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	<p>A review of the use of drought-tolerant leguminous weeds as fodder is available online. (Access at: https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40066-017-0096-6)</p>		<p>A review of the use of drought-tolerant leguminous weeds as fodder is available online. (Access at: https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40066-017-0096-6)</p>
	<p>The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) are organizations with initiatives to develop drought-tolerant crops.</p>		<p>The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) are organizations with initiatives to develop drought-tolerant crops.</p>
	<p><i>Body Condition Charts:<i></p>		<p><i>Body Condition Charts:</i></p>
	<p>Beef Cattle</p>		<p>Beef Cattle</p>
	<p>Dairy Cattle</p>		<p>Dairy Cattle</p>

Mamta at 12:19, 24 June 2022

2022-06-24T12:19:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:19, 24 June 2022
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	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	<p>A review of the use of drought-tolerant leguminous weeds as fodder is available online. (Access at: https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40066-017-0096-6)</p>		<p>A review of the use of drought-tolerant leguminous weeds as fodder is available online. (Access at: https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40066-017-0096-6)</p>
	<p>The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) are organizations with initiatives to develop drought-tolerant crops. ~~(Access at:~~ <~~http:~~/~~/www.icarda.cgiar.org/research-sub/biodiversity-and-its-utilization~~>~~.) (Access at: http://www.icrisat.org/>)~~</p>		<p>The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) are organizations with initiatives to develop drought-tolerant crops.</p>
	<p>Body Condition Charts:</p>		<p><i>Body Condition Charts:<i></p>
	<p>Beef Cattle~~: (Access at: https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-795/400-795_pdf.pdf)~~</p>		<p>Beef Cattle</p>
	<p>Dairy Cattle~~: (Access at: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/dairy/facts/00-109.htm) Goats: (Access at: http://www2.luresext.edu/goats/research/BCS_factsheet.pdf)~~</p>		<p>Dairy Cattle</p>
	<p>Sheep: (Access at: http://www.ablamb.ca/images/documents/resources/health/bcs-sheep.pdf)</p>		<p>Sheep: (Access at: http://www.ablamb.ca/images/documents/resources/health/bcs-sheep.pdf)</p>
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	<h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>		<h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>
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	<p>1.Alberta Lamb Producers. (accessed 2017). What’s the score: sheep. Body condition scoring (BSC) guide. Alberta Lamb Producers. Accessed online from: < http://www.ablamb.ca/images/documents/resources/health/bcs-sheep.pdf> ~~(March 15 2017]~~</p>		<p>1.Alberta Lamb Producers. (accessed 2017). What’s the score: sheep. Body condition scoring (BSC) guide. Alberta Lamb Producers. Accessed online from: < http://www.ablamb.ca/images/documents/resources/health/bcs-sheep.pdf></p>
	<p>2.Bezabih, M., Mekonnen, K., Adie, A., & Thorne, P. (2016) Guidelines on the utilization of cultivated oatvetch and tree lucerne fodder in the Africa RISING sites of the Ethiopian highlands. Accessed online from: <https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/78175/AR_ethiopia_fodder_guideline_oct2016.pdf?sequence=1>. ~~[February 12 2017]~~</p>		<p>2.Bezabih, M., Mekonnen, K., Adie, A., & Thorne, P. (2016) Guidelines on the utilization of cultivated oatvetch and tree lucerne fodder in the Africa RISING sites of the Ethiopian highlands. Accessed online from: <https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/78175/AR_ethiopia_fodder_guideline_oct2016.pdf?sequence=1>.</p>
	<p>3.Eversole, D. E., Browne, M. F., Hall, J. B., & Dietz, R. E. (2009). Body condition scoring beef cows. Virginia Cooperative Extension. ~~Accessed online from: < https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-795/400-795_pdf.pdf>. [March 15 2017]~~</p>		<p>3.Eversole, D. E., Browne, M. F., Hall, J. B., & Dietz, R. E. (2009). Body condition scoring beef cows. Virginia Cooperative Extension.</p>
	<p>4.Mohammed, B., Gumel, I. A., & Muhammed, I. (2015). Compatability of Sorghum almum (Columbus grass) with three forage legumes. Journal of Aridland Agriculture. 1: 1-5.</p>		<p>4.Mohammed, B., Gumel, I. A., & Muhammed, I. (2015). Compatability of Sorghum almum (Columbus grass) with three forage legumes. Journal of Aridland Agriculture. 1: 1-5.</p>
	<p>5. Navas, M., Benito, M., Rodriguez, I., & Masaguer, A. (2011). Effect of five forage legume covers on soil quality at the Eastern Plains of Venezuela. Applied Soil Ecology. 49: 242-249.</p>		<p>5. Navas, M., Benito, M., Rodriguez, I., & Masaguer, A. (2011). Effect of five forage legume covers on soil quality at the Eastern Plains of Venezuela. Applied Soil Ecology. 49: 242-249.</p>
	<p>6.Paul, B., Njenga, D., Mudavadi, P., Maass, B., Lukuyu, B. (2013). Evaluating farmers’ preferences for tropical forage legumes in smallholder farming systems in two contrasting agro-ecologies in Rift Valley, Kenya. Accessed online from: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260248359_Evaluating_farmers'_preferences_for_tropical_forage_legumes_in_smallholder_farming_systems_in_two_contrasting_agro-ecologies_in_Rift_Valley_Kenya>. ~~[February 2 2017]~~</p>		<p>6.Paul, B., Njenga, D., Mudavadi, P., Maass, B., Lukuyu, B. (2013). Evaluating farmers’ preferences for tropical forage legumes in smallholder farming systems in two contrasting agro-ecologies in Rift Valley, Kenya. Accessed online from: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260248359_Evaluating_farmers'_preferences_for_tropical_forage_legumes_in_smallholder_farming_systems_in_two_contrasting_agro-ecologies_in_Rift_Valley_Kenya>. </p>
	<p>7.Rodenburg, J. (2012). Body condition scoring of dairy cattle. Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs. ~~Accessed online from:~~ < ~~http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/dairy/facts/00-109.htm?>. [March 15 2017]~~</p>		<p>7.Rodenburg, J. (2012). Body condition scoring of dairy cattle. Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs.< </p>
	<p>8. Small, F. A & Raizada, M. N. (2016). Mitigating dry season food insecurity in the sub-tropics by prospecting drought-tolerant, nitrogen-fixing weeds. Agriculture and Food Security (In press) (DOI 10.1186/s40066-017-0096-6)</p>		<p>8. Small, F. A & Raizada, M. N. (2016). Mitigating dry season food insecurity in the sub-tropics by prospecting drought-tolerant, nitrogen-fixing weeds. Agriculture and Food Security (In press) (DOI 10.1186/s40066-017-0096-6)</p>
	<p>9.Villaquiran, M., Gipson, T. A., Merkel, R. C., Goetsch, A. L., & Sahlu, T. (accessed 2017). Body condition scores in goats. American Institute for Goat Research. ~~Accessed online from: < http://www2.luresext.edu/goats/research/BCS_factsheet.pdf> [March 15 2017]~~</p>		<p>9.Villaquiran, M., Gipson, T. A., Merkel, R. C., Goetsch, A. L., & Sahlu, T. (accessed 2017). Body condition scores in goats. American Institute for Goat Research.</p>

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2022-06-24T10:24:52Z

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10.2 - Selection of dry season weeds as fodder

Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

Introduction

Grafting is a horticultural..."

2022-06-09T11:10:48Z

Created page with "<div> <div class="title"><h1>10.2 - Selection of dry season weeds as fodder</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div> <div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;"> <div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;"> <div style="margin-top: 30px;"> <h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3> <div class="cont-bg"> <p>Grafting is a horticultural..."

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<div class="title"><h1>10.2 - Selection of dry season weeds as fodder</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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<p>Grafting is a horticultural technique that holds much promise for farmers around the world. To graft, a branch of a tree or shoot of a plant is cut (“scion”) and joined onto a decapitated rootstock (“rootstock”). In a successful graft, the vascular tissues of the scion and rootstock will fuse together. With trees or perennials, a primary benefit of grafting is that it permits rapid propagation of a shoot that has desirable characteristics (e.g. desirable fruits) by taking advantage of an already established root system. Grafting allows mixing and matching of traits from different cultivars (e.g. rootstock that is disease resistant to a shoot that bears desirable fruits). Grafting can usually only take place between two plants of the same genetic family. For instance, successful grafting can occur between plants of the Solanaceae family which includes tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes and tobacco (Kudo, 2007). Remarkably, grafts can be successful not only within the same species (e.g. tomato with tomato) but also between species (e.g. tomato with eggplant).</p>

<p>One of the main reasons that a plant would be grafted would be out of a desire to maintain certain characteristics of a plant, such as in a fruit tree that would otherwise produce asexually. The offspring of an apple tree, for instance, are not very likely to mimic the parent in terms of flavor, texture. By grafting a branch of the tree with the desired fruit onto a rootstock, the fruit of the resultant tree will be highly similar to those of the parent, and allow for predictable cultivation of specific ‘varieties’ at a large scale.</p>

<p>Grafting is an effective way to not only replicate traits that are culinary, but also agricultural traits such as drought tolerance, cold tolerance, and salinity tolerance, amongst others. For example, rootstock of a plant may have good tolerance to the cold, but may produce less fruit than another variety. When the ‘scion’ of the highly productive plant is placed on the ‘rootstock’ of the cold hardy plant, the plant will often survive and become both cold tolerant and highly productive (Mudge, 2009). </p>

<p>Grafting allows for individual fruit farmers to respond to market changes faster than if they were to plant a young tree, since fruit will be produced quicker from the combination of mature rootstock and scion than from a younger tree (Hart, 2005). Consequently, there remains a stronger possibility that this individual will have access to larger markets and higher asking prices for in-demand fruits and vegetables. </p>

<p>Some trees, such as the Baobob tree from the Sahel countries of Africa, are grafted quite easily, with success rates ranging from 80-95% (Maranz, 2008). However, this is not consistent across all species, and does not account for the ‘learning curve’ in practicing proper technique. Maranz (2008) notes that ‘exotic’ varieties of Baobob (those from other Sahel countries) have superior nutritional benefits, and determines that grafting represents an interesting possibility for developing a market for the new varieties, since the local variety has far superior basal diameter, tree height, and resistance to termites. Assah (2011) details the possibility of an emerging market for three novel Alanblackia species in Africa for its nutritive, medicinal, cosmetic, and detergent properties. These species could be grafted onto locally available rootstock for local production to take place. Mudge (2009) details the grafting of Ceara rubber tree onto a cassava rootstock, for the purpose of invigorating the rootstock. The resulting yield of cassava tubers was increased by 30-100% depending on the combination of species. </p>

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<p>Grafting at a large scale is labour intensive, and does require some training. The success rate of grafting is highly variable depending on species; research should be performed on the specific species to determine average success rates, or a test plot should be initiated (Mudge, 2009).
There is an ongoing debate about the possibility of the transference of genetic material from scion to rootstock and how this affects the ‘heritage’ of traditional varieties (Mudge, 2009).</p>
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<h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Practical tips</h3>
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<p>The University of Minnesota has a comprehensive manual on grafting, including timing, species selection, and materials needed. </p>
<p>The University of Arizona publishes free ‘how-to’ videos on vegetable grafting. While limited to tomatoes, curcubits and eggplants, many of the principles remain the same. </p>
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<p>Asaah, E., Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngahane, W., Tsobeng, A., Kouodiekong, L., Jamnadass, R., & Simons, A. (2011). Allanblackia floribunda: A new oil tree crop for africa: Amenability to grafting. New Forests, 41(3), 389-398.
Hart, T., & Burgess, R. (2005). Grafting keeps farmer in the export market. Appropriate Technology, 32(3), 13-14. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200037126?accountid=11233
Kudo, & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.
Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239.
Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews.,437-493. </p>

Template:Chapters 10.2 - Revision history

Mamta at 11:13, 21 August 2022

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Mamta: Created page with " 10.2 - Selection of dry season weeds as fodderGryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada Introduction Grafting is a horticultural..."

10.2 - Selection of dry season weeds as fodder

Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

Introduction

Mamta: Created page with "

10.2 - Selection of dry season weeds as fodder

Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

Introduction

Grafting is a horticultural..."