Template:Chapters 10.1 - Revision history

Mamta at 10:42, 21 August 2022

2022-08-21T10:42:27Z

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 <p><i>Vicia villosa (hairy vetch)</i> is better suited to feeding as hay than as pasture. When grazed in a pasture, it can occasionally cause dermatitis or neurological problems in livestock (Cassida 2013). Hairy vetch is more cold hardy than common vetch. Hairy vetch is also more tolerant of poorly-drained soils and has a preference for sandy soils (Frame, n. d.). Hairy vetch can be broadcasted at a rate of 25 kg per hectare (Verhallen et al. 2012).
-<p><i>Vicia dasycarpa (grazing vetch)</i> does well in heavy clay soils and is very ideal for grazing and baling. Seed at a rate of 50 kg per hectare in pure stands, or 25 kg per hectare when combined with 30 kg of cereal (Advance Seed 2017).
+<p><i>Vicia dasycarpa (grazing vetch)</i> does well in heavy clay soils and is very ideal for grazing and baling. Seed at a rate of 50 kg per hectare in pure stands, or 25 kg per hectare when combined with 30 kg of cereal (Advance Seed 2017).</p>
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Mamta at 09:43, 24 June 2022

2022-06-24T09:43:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:43, 24 June 2022
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	<p>Adoption rates of improved forages by smallholder African farmers are low (Paul et al. 2013). In one study, Kenyan farmers ranked common vetch as their preferred forage legume compared to silverleaf desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum), lablab (Lablab purpureus), and burgundy bean (Macroptilium bracteatum). Vetch was aso a more cost-effective option (Paul et al. 2013). In central Mexico, vetch-oat combinations were regarded as being an “excellent” or “very good” forage choice by 90% of farmers, and no farmers thought it was a bad forage combination (Velázquez-Beltrán et al. 2002). Farmers thought it was a good forage because the animals enjoyed it and did not waste feed; furthermore it improved the visual condition of the animals and was high yielding (Velázquez-Beltrán et al. 2002).</p>		<p>Adoption rates of improved forages by smallholder African farmers are low (Paul et al. 2013). In one study, Kenyan farmers ranked common vetch as their preferred forage legume compared to silverleaf desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum), lablab (Lablab purpureus), and burgundy bean (Macroptilium bracteatum). Vetch was aso a more cost-effective option (Paul et al. 2013). In central Mexico, vetch-oat combinations were regarded as being an “excellent” or “very good” forage choice by 90% of farmers, and no farmers thought it was a bad forage combination (Velázquez-Beltrán et al. 2002). Farmers thought it was a good forage because the animals enjoyed it and did not waste feed; furthermore it improved the visual condition of the animals and was high yielding (Velázquez-Beltrán et al. 2002).</p>
	<p>Some of the main concerns farmers in Mexico had with common vetch were that it spoils if it lodges and that its development rate was not always consistent with that of oats. Lodging can be remedied by an appropriate planting density with oats (Velázquez-Beltrán et al. 2002).</p>		<p>Some of the main concerns farmers in Mexico had with common vetch were that it spoils if it lodges and that its development rate was not always consistent with that of oats. Lodging can be remedied by an appropriate planting density with oats (Velázquez-Beltrán et al. 2002).</p>
	<p.There have been some reported incidences of cyanide poisoning of cattle fed exclusively common vetch (Suter 2002). This was one isolated incident in Australia, and no other cases have been reported. Hairy vetch has been known to occasionally cause dermal issues in cattle when fed for prolonged periods (Cassida 2013). To prevent the likelihood of illness, vetch should be intercropped with oats to reduce concentrations of toxins (Suter 2002). If vetch is grazed or cut frequently enough to prevent development of seedheads, the risk should be removed (Heuze et al. 2016).</p>		<p>There have been some reported incidences of cyanide poisoning of cattle fed exclusively common vetch (Suter 2002). This was one isolated incident in Australia, and no other cases have been reported. Hairy vetch has been known to occasionally cause dermal issues in cattle when fed for prolonged periods (Cassida 2013). To prevent the likelihood of illness, vetch should be intercropped with oats to reduce concentrations of toxins (Suter 2002). If vetch is grazed or cut frequently enough to prevent development of seedheads, the risk should be removed (Heuze et al. 2016).</p>
	<p>In North America, vetch is viewed as a weed that can be notoriously hard to control (particularly tufted vetch, Vicia cracca which grows as a perennial). To prevent weediness or uncontrollable growth in future crops, an annual variety may be easier to control. Hairy vetch can be controlled by 2,4D and dicamba if required (Verhallen et al. 2012). Desiccants are also very effective at killing hairy vetch (Ball 2001). Clopyralid is an effective way of controlling vetch species (Cowborough 2005).</p>		<p>In North America, vetch is viewed as a weed that can be notoriously hard to control (particularly tufted vetch, Vicia cracca which grows as a perennial). To prevent weediness or uncontrollable growth in future crops, an annual variety may be easier to control. Hairy vetch can be controlled by 2,4D and dicamba if required (Verhallen et al. 2012). Desiccants are also very effective at killing hairy vetch (Ball 2001). Clopyralid is an effective way of controlling vetch species (Cowborough 2005).</p>
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Mamta at 09:41, 24 June 2022

2022-06-24T09:41:28Z

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10.1 - Vetch fodder in the dry season

Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

Introduction

Grafting is a horticultural techniqu..."

2022-06-09T11:11:41Z

Created page with "<div> <div class="title"><h1>10.1 - Vetch fodder in the dry season</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div> <div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;"> <div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;"> <div style="margin-top: 30px;"> <h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3> <div class="cont-bg"> <p>Grafting is a horticultural techniqu..."

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<p>Grafting is a horticultural technique that holds much promise for farmers around the world. To graft, a branch of a tree or shoot of a plant is cut (“scion”) and joined onto a decapitated rootstock (“rootstock”). In a successful graft, the vascular tissues of the scion and rootstock will fuse together. With trees or perennials, a primary benefit of grafting is that it permits rapid propagation of a shoot that has desirable characteristics (e.g. desirable fruits) by taking advantage of an already established root system. Grafting allows mixing and matching of traits from different cultivars (e.g. rootstock that is disease resistant to a shoot that bears desirable fruits). Grafting can usually only take place between two plants of the same genetic family. For instance, successful grafting can occur between plants of the Solanaceae family which includes tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes and tobacco (Kudo, 2007). Remarkably, grafts can be successful not only within the same species (e.g. tomato with tomato) but also between species (e.g. tomato with eggplant).</p>

<p>One of the main reasons that a plant would be grafted would be out of a desire to maintain certain characteristics of a plant, such as in a fruit tree that would otherwise produce asexually. The offspring of an apple tree, for instance, are not very likely to mimic the parent in terms of flavor, texture. By grafting a branch of the tree with the desired fruit onto a rootstock, the fruit of the resultant tree will be highly similar to those of the parent, and allow for predictable cultivation of specific ‘varieties’ at a large scale.</p>

<p>Grafting is an effective way to not only replicate traits that are culinary, but also agricultural traits such as drought tolerance, cold tolerance, and salinity tolerance, amongst others. For example, rootstock of a plant may have good tolerance to the cold, but may produce less fruit than another variety. When the ‘scion’ of the highly productive plant is placed on the ‘rootstock’ of the cold hardy plant, the plant will often survive and become both cold tolerant and highly productive (Mudge, 2009). </p>

<p>Grafting allows for individual fruit farmers to respond to market changes faster than if they were to plant a young tree, since fruit will be produced quicker from the combination of mature rootstock and scion than from a younger tree (Hart, 2005). Consequently, there remains a stronger possibility that this individual will have access to larger markets and higher asking prices for in-demand fruits and vegetables. </p>

<p>Some trees, such as the Baobob tree from the Sahel countries of Africa, are grafted quite easily, with success rates ranging from 80-95% (Maranz, 2008). However, this is not consistent across all species, and does not account for the ‘learning curve’ in practicing proper technique. Maranz (2008) notes that ‘exotic’ varieties of Baobob (those from other Sahel countries) have superior nutritional benefits, and determines that grafting represents an interesting possibility for developing a market for the new varieties, since the local variety has far superior basal diameter, tree height, and resistance to termites. Assah (2011) details the possibility of an emerging market for three novel Alanblackia species in Africa for its nutritive, medicinal, cosmetic, and detergent properties. These species could be grafted onto locally available rootstock for local production to take place. Mudge (2009) details the grafting of Ceara rubber tree onto a cassava rootstock, for the purpose of invigorating the rootstock. The resulting yield of cassava tubers was increased by 30-100% depending on the combination of species. </p>

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<p>Grafting at a large scale is labour intensive, and does require some training. The success rate of grafting is highly variable depending on species; research should be performed on the specific species to determine average success rates, or a test plot should be initiated (Mudge, 2009).
There is an ongoing debate about the possibility of the transference of genetic material from scion to rootstock and how this affects the ‘heritage’ of traditional varieties (Mudge, 2009).</p>
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<h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Practical tips</h3>
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<p>The University of Minnesota has a comprehensive manual on grafting, including timing, species selection, and materials needed. </p>
<p>The University of Arizona publishes free ‘how-to’ videos on vegetable grafting. While limited to tomatoes, curcubits and eggplants, many of the principles remain the same. </p>
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<p>Asaah, E., Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngahane, W., Tsobeng, A., Kouodiekong, L., Jamnadass, R., & Simons, A. (2011). Allanblackia floribunda: A new oil tree crop for africa: Amenability to grafting. New Forests, 41(3), 389-398.
Hart, T., & Burgess, R. (2005). Grafting keeps farmer in the export market. Appropriate Technology, 32(3), 13-14. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200037126?accountid=11233
Kudo, & Harada, T. (2007). A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience : A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science., 42(2), 225-226.
Maranz, S., Niang, A., Kalinganire, A., Konaté, D., & Kaya, B. (2008). Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting. Agroforestry Systems, 72(3), 231-239.
Mudge, K., Janick, J., Scofield, S., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews.,437-493. </p>

Template:Chapters 10.1 - Revision history

Mamta at 10:42, 21 August 2022

Mamta at 09:43, 24 June 2022

Mamta at 09:41, 24 June 2022

Mamta: Created page with " 10.1 - Vetch fodder in the dry seasonGryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada Introduction Grafting is a horticultural techniqu..."

10.1 - Vetch fodder in the dry season

Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

Introduction

Mamta: Created page with "

10.1 - Vetch fodder in the dry season

Gryphon Therault-Loubier, University of Guelph, Canada

Introduction

Grafting is a horticultural techniqu..."