Template:Chapter 4.4 - Revision history

Mamta at 18:56, 14 January 2026

2026-01-14T18:56:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:56, 14 January 2026
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	[[File:Capture_4.3.JPG\|300px]]		[[File:Capture_4.3.JPG\|300px]]

	<p><b>Related video(s)</b>: Contour bunds (Source: Access Agriculture)</p>		<p><b>Related video(s)</b>: Contour bunds (Source: Access Agriculture)</p>
	<p><i> https://www.accessagriculture.org/~~good~~-~~shelling-sorting-and-drying-maize~~?cat_id=1499</i></p>		<p><i> https://www.accessagriculture.org/contour-bunds?cat_id=1499</i></p>

	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Lanthier,C. (2022) Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Lanthier,C. (2022) Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>

Mamta at 08:58, 13 January 2026

2026-01-13T08:58:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:58, 13 January 2026
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	[[File:Capture_4.3.JPG\|300px]]		[[File:Capture_4.3.JPG\|300px]]
			<p><b>Related video(s)</b>: Contour bunds (Source: Access Agriculture)</p>
			<p><i> https://www.accessagriculture.org/good-shelling-sorting-and-drying-maize?cat_id=1499</i></p>
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Lanthier,C. (2022) Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Lanthier,C. (2022) Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>

Mamta at 13:45, 16 August 2022

2022-08-16T13:45:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:45, 16 August 2022
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	[[Image:5.4.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>		[[Image:5.4.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
	<p><i>For the South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4.pdf</i></p>		<p><i>For the South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4_south_asian.pdf.</i></p>
	<p><i>For the East/South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4.pdf</i></p>		<p><i>For the East/South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4e.s.a.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>For the Sub-Saharan Africa/Caribbean version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4.pdf</i></p>		<p><i>For the Sub-Saharan Africa/Caribbean version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4subsaharan_africa_carribean.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>For the Latin-America version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4.pdf</i></p>		<p><i>For the Latin-America version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4latin_america.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>For North Africa And Middle East version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson ~~CXhapter~~ 5. 4.3:http://www.sakbooks.com/~~chapters6~~.~~html~~</i></p>		<p><i>For North Africa And Middle East version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson Chapter 5. 4.3:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/4.3n._africa_middleeast.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and LJ Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada. </i></p>		<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and LJ Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada. </i></p>
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Mamta at 10:56, 2 August 2022

2022-08-02T10:56:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 2 August 2022
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	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	[[Image:5.4.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>		[[Image:5.4.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
	<p><i>For ~~plain picture~~ click this link for 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/~~chapter~~-5-~~--soil-health4~~.html</i></p>		<p><i>For the South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>		<p><i>For the East/South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For the Sub-Saharan Africa/Caribbean version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For the Latin-America version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.4.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For North Africa And Middle East version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson CXhapter 5. 4.3:http://www.sakbooks.com/chapters6.html</i></p>
			<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and LJ Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada. </i></p>
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Mamta at 11:09, 30 July 2022

2022-07-30T11:09:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:09, 30 July 2022
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	<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>		<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	[[Image:5.4.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>		[[Image:5.4.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
			<p><i>For plain picture click this link for 5.4:http://www.sakbooks.com/chapter-5---soil-health4.html</i></p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>		<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>
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Mamta at 20:57, 22 July 2022

2022-07-22T20:57:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:57, 22 July 2022
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	[[File:Capture_4.3.JPG\|300px]]		[[File:Capture_4.3.JPG\|300px]]
	<p>Source:https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fqph.cf2.quoracdn.net%2Fmain-qimg-97cf226269c321f201828fa7aa45c5e7.webp&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FAre-contour-farming-terrace-farming-and-step-farming-the-same-because-in-these-methods-people-use-the-slope-of-a-hill-strip-by-strip-for-farming&tbnid=lbHKpR5i2vCahM&vet=12ahUKEwjMz8ry0oT5AhVDQRoKHf3SAVAQMygCegQIARAn..i&docid=PlJbPBlKIhtfPM&w=294&h=266&q=free%20contour%20farming%20pictures%20that%20i%20can%20use%20in%20mediawiki%20and%20they%20are%20not%20lisenced&ved=2ahUKEwjMz8ry0oT5AhVDQRoKHf3SAVAQMygCegQIARAn</p>
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Lanthier,C. (2022) Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Lanthier,C. (2022) Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
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	<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>		<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	[[~~File~~:~~Capture_4~~.2.~~JPG~~]]		[[Image:5.4.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
	~~<p>http://farmpedia.org/images/d/da/Capture_4.2.JPG~~</p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>		<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>
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Mamta at 09:51, 19 July 2022

2022-07-19T09:51:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:51, 19 July 2022
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	<div class="title"><h3>4.4 - Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Colton Lanthier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>4.4 - Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Colton Lanthier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
	<div class="hero-img-2">		<div class="hero-img-2">
	[[File:4.~~jpg~~\|300px]]		[[File:Capture_4.3.JPG\|300px]]
			<p>Source:https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fqph.cf2.quoracdn.net%2Fmain-qimg-97cf226269c321f201828fa7aa45c5e7.webp&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FAre-contour-farming-terrace-farming-and-step-farming-the-same-because-in-these-methods-people-use-the-slope-of-a-hill-strip-by-strip-for-farming&tbnid=lbHKpR5i2vCahM&vet=12ahUKEwjMz8ry0oT5AhVDQRoKHf3SAVAQMygCegQIARAn..i&docid=PlJbPBlKIhtfPM&w=294&h=266&q=free%20contour%20farming%20pictures%20that%20i%20can%20use%20in%20mediawiki%20and%20they%20are%20not%20lisenced&ved=2ahUKEwjMz8ry0oT5AhVDQRoKHf3SAVAQMygCegQIARAn</p>
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Lanthier,C. (2022) Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Lanthier,C. (2022) Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
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	<p>Another problem that arises in regards to hillside contour farming is the gradient of the slope the farmer is trying to cultivate. Contour plowing and hedgerow implementation is an extraordinarily effective method for reducing soil erosion and degradation and improves harvest yields but is only effective to a certain point. Referring to Table 1 again, the highest degree of the slope this practice is useful for is up until 33 degrees (Sussman, 2007). Beyond that measurement the contour lines would have to be measured too closely together in order to reap the benefits of the practice. Additionally, it becomes increasingly difficult to have livestock assisted labour as the slope a farmer chooses to cultivate becomes steeper and steeper.</p>		<p>Another problem that arises in regards to hillside contour farming is the gradient of the slope the farmer is trying to cultivate. Contour plowing and hedgerow implementation is an extraordinarily effective method for reducing soil erosion and degradation and improves harvest yields but is only effective to a certain point. Referring to Table 1 again, the highest degree of the slope this practice is useful for is up until 33 degrees (Sussman, 2007). Beyond that measurement the contour lines would have to be measured too closely together in order to reap the benefits of the practice. Additionally, it becomes increasingly difficult to have livestock assisted labour as the slope a farmer chooses to cultivate becomes steeper and steeper.</p>
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			<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
			<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>
			<div class="cont-bg">
			[[File:Capture_4.2.JPG]]
			<p>http://farmpedia.org/images/d/da/Capture_4.2.JPG</p>
			<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>
	</div>		</div>
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Mamta at 19:37, 25 June 2022

2022-06-25T19:37:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:37, 25 June 2022
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	<div>		<div>
	<div class="title"><h3>4.4 - Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Colton Lanthier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>4.4 - Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Colton Lanthier, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
			<div class="hero-img-2">
			[[File:4.jpg\|300px]]
			<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
			<p>Lanthier,C. (2022) Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
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	<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">		<div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;">
	<div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">		<div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;">
	<div style="margin-top: 30px;">		<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
	<h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>		<h1 class="title-bg">Background</h1>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	<p>Soil degradation and erosion is one of the most prominent issues that subsistence farmers face. Impacts of soil erosion are wide ranging, and the amount of erosion around the world has been accelerated due to human activity. In South Africa for example, recent studies show that soil has eroded at 12.6 tons/ha/year under cropland whereas natural soil erosion is 5 tons/ha/year (Le Roux & Smith, 2014). In India, over 45% of all geographical surface area (130 million hectares) is seriously affected by soil erosion (India Netzone, 2012). Simpson (2010) defined soil degradation as, “ (the) decline in the productive capacity of the soil as a result of soil erosion and adverse changes in the hydrological, biological, chemical and physical properties of the soil.” It is also worth mentioning that soil erosion has impacts ranging much further than the agricultural sector. Although the immediate impacts can be felt on the farm with the loss of soil fertility and stability, the effects of erosion can leave communities in a state of chronic hunger, can flood lowland plains as sediment fills river systems, and can ruin the land for future generations of subsistence farmers (Simpson, 2010). </p>		<p>Soil degradation and erosion is one of the most prominent issues that subsistence farmers face. Impacts of soil erosion are wide ranging, and the amount of erosion around the world has been accelerated due to human activity. In South Africa for example, recent studies show that soil has eroded at 12.6 tons/ha/year under cropland whereas natural soil erosion is 5 tons/ha/year (Le Roux & Smith, 2014). In India, over 45% of all geographical surface area (130 million hectares) is seriously affected by soil erosion (India Netzone, 2012). Simpson (2010) defined soil degradation as, “ (the) decline in the productive capacity of the soil as a result of soil erosion and adverse changes in the hydrological, biological, chemical and physical properties of the soil.” It is also worth mentioning that soil erosion has impacts ranging much further than the agricultural sector. Although the immediate impacts can be felt on the farm with the loss of soil fertility and stability, the effects of erosion can leave communities in a state of chronic hunger, can flood lowland plains as sediment fills river systems, and can ruin the land for future generations of subsistence farmers (Simpson, 2010). </p>

Mamta at 13:41, 9 June 2022

2022-06-09T13:41:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:41, 9 June 2022
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	<p>2.Evans, Chris, Laxman Rana, Hari Dhungana, and Malati Lakoul. The Farmers' Handbook, Part 5 - "Forest, Soil and Other Topics" Kathmandu: Formatting Printing, 2012. Print.</p>		<p>2.Evans, Chris, Laxman Rana, Hari Dhungana, and Malati Lakoul. The Farmers' Handbook, Part 5 - "Forest, Soil and Other Topics" Kathmandu: Formatting Printing, 2012. Print.</p>
	<p>3.Hudson, Norman. Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-arid Areas. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1987. Print.</p>		<p>3.Hudson, Norman. Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-arid Areas. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1987. Print.</p>
	<p>Keeble, V. B., Correll, L., & Ehrich, M. (1996). Effect of Laundering on Ability of Glove Fabrics to Decrease the Penetration of Organophosphate Insecticides Through in vitro Epidermal Systems. J. Appl. Toxicol. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16(5), 401-406. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199609)16:53.3.co;2-6</p>		<p>4.Keeble, V. B., Correll, L., & Ehrich, M. (1996). Effect of Laundering on Ability of Glove Fabrics to Decrease the Penetration of Organophosphate Insecticides Through in vitro Epidermal Systems. J. Appl. Toxicol. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16(5), 401-406. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199609)16:53.3.co;2-6</p>
	<p>4.Humphries, Sally, Juan Gonzales, Jose Jimenez, and Fredy Sierra. Searching for Sustainable Land Use Practices in Honduras: Lessons from a Programme of Participatory Research with Hillside Farmers. London: Overseas Development Institute, 2000. Agricultural Research and Extension Network. Web.</p>		<p>5.Humphries, Sally, Juan Gonzales, Jose Jimenez, and Fredy Sierra. Searching for Sustainable Land Use Practices in Honduras: Lessons from a Programme of Participatory Research with Hillside Farmers. London: Overseas Development Institute, 2000. Agricultural Research and Extension Network. Web.</p>
	<p>5.Le Roux, Jay, and Hendrick Smith. "Soil Erosion in South Africa - Its Nature and Distribution." Soil Erosion in South Africa - Its Nature and Distribution. Grain SA, Nov. 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2016.</p>		<p>6.Le Roux, Jay, and Hendrick Smith. "Soil Erosion in South Africa - Its Nature and Distribution." Soil Erosion in South Africa - Its Nature and Distribution. Grain SA, Nov. 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2016.</p>
	<p>6.Simpson, Leslie A. "A Manual of Soil Conservation and Slope Cultivation." Mainstreaming and Capacity Building for Sustainable Land Management (2010): 9-30. Print.</p>		<p>7.Simpson, Leslie A. "A Manual of Soil Conservation and Slope Cultivation." Mainstreaming and Capacity Building for Sustainable Land Management (2010): 9-30. Print.</p>
	<p>7."Soil Erosion in India." Soil Erosion in India. India Netzone, 30 Nov. 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2016.</p>		<p>8."Soil Erosion in India." Soil Erosion in India. India Netzone, 30 Nov. 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2016.</p>
	<p>8.Steudel, Thomas, Richard Bugan, Holm Kipka, Pfennig, Manfred Fink, Willem DeClercq, Wolfgang-Albert Flugel, and Helmschrot. "Implementing Contour Bank Farming Practices into the J2000 Model to Improve Hydrological and Erosion Modelling in Semi-arid Western Cape Province of South Africa." Hydrology Research 46.2 (2015): 192. Web.</p>		<p>9.Steudel, Thomas, Richard Bugan, Holm Kipka, Pfennig, Manfred Fink, Willem DeClercq, Wolfgang-Albert Flugel, and Helmschrot. "Implementing Contour Bank Farming Practices into the J2000 Model to Improve Hydrological and Erosion Modelling in Semi-arid Western Cape Province of South Africa." Hydrology Research 46.2 (2015): 192. Web.</p>
	<p>9.Sussman, Daniel. Design Manual: Contour Trenches (n.d.): n. pag. University of California Santa Barbara, 2007. Web.</p>		<p>10.Sussman, Daniel. Design Manual: Contour Trenches (n.d.): n. pag. University of California Santa Barbara, 2007. Web.</p>
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Mamta at 19:17, 6 June 2022

2022-06-06T19:17:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:17, 6 June 2022
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	<h3 class="title-bg">Appendix</h3>		<h3 class="title-bg">Appendix</h3>
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