Template:Chapter 4.16.2 - Revision history

Mamta at 07:28, 30 August 2024

2024-08-30T07:28:50Z

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	<div class="title"><h3>4.16.2 - Balanced fertilization</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>4.16.2 - Balanced fertilization</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
	<div class="hero-img-2">		<div class="hero-img-2">
	[[File:4.~~jpg~~\|300px]]		[[File:4.16.2.jpeg\|300px]]
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Harding, DP. (2022) Balanced fertilization. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Harding, DP. (2022) Balanced fertilization. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>

Mamta at 14:25, 11 December 2023

2023-12-11T14:25:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:25, 11 December 2023
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	[[File:4.jpg\|300px]]		[[File:4.jpg\|300px]]
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>P. Harding,D. (2022) Balanced fertilization. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Harding, DP. (2022) Balanced fertilization. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
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Mamta at 20:03, 25 June 2022

2022-06-25T20:03:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:03, 25 June 2022
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	<div class="title"><h1>4.16.2 - Balanced fertilization</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>4.16.2 - Balanced fertilization</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
			<div class="hero-img-2">
			[[File:4.jpg\|300px]]
			<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
			<p>P. Harding,D. (2022) Balanced fertilization. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
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	<h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>		<h1 class="title-bg">Introduction</h1>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	<p>There are approximately 14 different nutrients that plants need to grow (Principals of Plant Nutrition, 2001). These nutrients are classified broadly by the relative quantities in which they are needed for the growth of plants. The “macronutrients”, which are needed in relatively high amounts, include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Carbon and oxygen are also included in this group however as they are provided by the air they are not considered soil nutrients. The “secondary nutrients” are sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), which are needed in moderate amounts for plant growth. “Micronutrients” include zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and boron (B), all of which plants need in relatively small amounts. The specific quantity of each nutrient needed by a crop will vary according to species and the growth environment. Deficiencies are most common for macronutrients because much greater quantities of these nutrients will be removed by crops each year, however secondary or micro-nutrient deficiency can potentially be equally limiting for crop growth. Secondary and micro-nutrient deficiency is especially prevalent in developing countries where national fertilizer policies that almost exclusively promote nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use (e.g. India) are in place (B. K. R. Rao et al., 2012).</p>		<p>There are approximately 14 different nutrients that plants need to grow (Principals of Plant Nutrition, 2001). These nutrients are classified broadly by the relative quantities in which they are needed for the growth of plants. The “macronutrients”, which are needed in relatively high amounts, include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Carbon and oxygen are also included in this group however as they are provided by the air they are not considered soil nutrients. The “secondary nutrients” are sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), which are needed in moderate amounts for plant growth. “Micronutrients” include zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and boron (B), all of which plants need in relatively small amounts. The specific quantity of each nutrient needed by a crop will vary according to species and the growth environment. Deficiencies are most common for macronutrients because much greater quantities of these nutrients will be removed by crops each year, however secondary or micro-nutrient deficiency can potentially be equally limiting for crop growth. Secondary and micro-nutrient deficiency is especially prevalent in developing countries where national fertilizer policies that almost exclusively promote nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use (e.g. India) are in place (B. K. R. Rao et al., 2012).</p>

Mamta at 14:02, 24 June 2022

2022-06-24T14:02:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 24 June 2022
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	<p>There are approximately 14 different nutrients that plants need to grow (Principals of Plant Nutrition, 2001). These nutrients are classified broadly by the relative quantities in which they are needed for the growth of plants. The “macronutrients”, which are needed in relatively high amounts, include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Carbon and oxygen are also included in this group however as they are provided by the air they are not considered soil nutrients. The “secondary nutrients” are sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), which are needed in moderate amounts for plant growth. “Micronutrients” include zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and boron (B), all of which plants need in relatively small amounts. The specific quantity of each nutrient needed by a crop will vary according to species and the growth environment. Deficiencies are most common for macronutrients because much greater quantities of these nutrients will be removed by crops each year, however secondary or micro-nutrient deficiency can potentially be equally limiting for crop growth. Secondary and micro-nutrient deficiency is especially prevalent in developing countries where national fertilizer policies that almost exclusively promote nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use (e.g. India) are in place (B. K. R. Rao et al., 2012).</p>		<p>There are approximately 14 different nutrients that plants need to grow (Principals of Plant Nutrition, 2001). These nutrients are classified broadly by the relative quantities in which they are needed for the growth of plants. The “macronutrients”, which are needed in relatively high amounts, include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Carbon and oxygen are also included in this group however as they are provided by the air they are not considered soil nutrients. The “secondary nutrients” are sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), which are needed in moderate amounts for plant growth. “Micronutrients” include zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and boron (B), all of which plants need in relatively small amounts. The specific quantity of each nutrient needed by a crop will vary according to species and the growth environment. Deficiencies are most common for macronutrients because much greater quantities of these nutrients will be removed by crops each year, however secondary or micro-nutrient deficiency can potentially be equally limiting for crop growth. Secondary and micro-nutrient deficiency is especially prevalent in developing countries where national fertilizer policies that almost exclusively promote nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use (e.g. India) are in place (B. K. R. Rao et al., 2012).</p>
	[[File:Capture_54.JPG]]		[[File:Capture_54.JPG]]
	~~<p>Figure 1. Visualizing the importance of balanced fertilization. Image from: http://www.yara.com/doc/37694_2012%20Fertilizer%20Industry%20Handbook%20wFP.pdf</p>~~
	<p>Each board of the barrel represents the available quantity of each nutrient relative to the amount it is needed in by the plant. The level of the water represents the growth potential of the plant. In the above image, nitrogen is the limiting nutrient. Although all the other necessary elements for the growth of the plant are available, the plant does not have enough nitrogen to continue growing. Thus, it cannot make use of the other available nutrients and no further growth occurs. In this situation, only making more nitrogen available to the plant would enable further growth whereas adding any of the other nutrients would not provide any benefit. Deficiency of any nutrient will affect a crop in the same way.</p>		<p>Each board of the barrel represents the available quantity of each nutrient relative to the amount it is needed in by the plant. The level of the water represents the growth potential of the plant. In the above image, nitrogen is the limiting nutrient. Although all the other necessary elements for the growth of the plant are available, the plant does not have enough nitrogen to continue growing. Thus, it cannot make use of the other available nutrients and no further growth occurs. In this situation, only making more nitrogen available to the plant would enable further growth whereas adding any of the other nutrients would not provide any benefit. Deficiency of any nutrient will affect a crop in the same way.</p>

Mamta at 05:40, 10 June 2022

2022-06-10T05:40:53Z

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Mamta: Created page with "

4.16.2 - Balanced fertilization

Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada

Background

The world’s 1 billion women and girls particip..."

2022-05-31T05:32:52Z

Created page with "<div> <div class="title"><h1>4.16.2 - Balanced fertilization</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div> <div class="ch-navber" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;"> <div class="center-side" style="max-width: 100%;margin-right: 3%;"> <div style="margin-top: 30px;"> <h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3> <div class="cont-bg"> <p>The world’s 1 billion women and girls particip..."

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<div class="title"><h1>4.16.2 - Balanced fertilization</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>
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<p>The world’s 1 billion women and girls participating in subsistence farming pull weeds by hand to improve their crops and also collect firewood for cooking, resulting in their hands becoming rough and sore (Figure 1). This can be caused by wood splinters being lodged into their skin (Schaffner, 2013). Pulling weeds for hours on end can peel away layers of skin (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). The hands of those farmers can also become dirty and smelly from planting seeds in the soil or spreading manure by hand. To avoid the common aforementioned problems as well as hand injuries, such as cuts and scrapes, they could wear gloves on their hands, see the second picture, (Schaffner, 2013). Gloves are very common in the modern world and can be used for construction, farming, and medical practices. Gloves provide a durable layer between the skin on your hands and whatever you are working with (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). There are a few different materials used to make gloves, along with different sizes and grips. With over one billion women and girls working on farms around the world, this grueling work can be made safer and more efficient when wearing gloves.</p>

<p>Rubber and cloth are the two main kinds of gloves produced (Melco, 2016). They both have their own benefits and drawbacks respectively. A benefit from rubber gloves is their ability to resist water from coming in contact with a farmer's skin, see part two, (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). While cloth gloves can be beneficial because they can draw moisture away from their hands and can be easily washed to be cleaned. Because rubber gloves are usually meant to be disposed of after single use they tend to be cheaper to make and thus cheaper to buy. Yet some rubber gloves can be made thicker to reuse and are slightly more durable (Melco, 2016). Cloth gloves are designed to be washed after being used and last a long time under normal working conditions.</p>

<p>Along with the different materials gloves are made of, there are also different arm lengths. Some gloves are cut off just in front or around the wrist. While others can be up to and over the elbow and everywhere in between (Melco, 2016). The benefits of the shorter gloves is comfort, no bunching around wrist or elbow, and they can be quickly put on or removed. The benefits of the long gloves are more protection, the entire forearm will be covered. All the while there is less of a chance of getting debris in their gloves because the opening is farther away from what you are working with. Farmers can also work in deeper water or mud with the long rubber gloves without getting your hands wet.</p>

<p>When working with smooth items such as hoes and some fruits and vegetables they can be slippery (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). A way to help farmer's hold on to the tools is to get gloves with grips (Melco, 2016). Both rubber and cloth gloves can have grips. Rubber gloves will have ridges in the molds to form grips and granular materials can be added to the outside before drying (Melco, 2016). Another option is to make the rubber gloves out of a non-slip rubber (Melco, 2016). Because cloth alone does not provide grip, cloth gloves must be dipped in liquid rubber to be able to grip smooth objects. The rubber used for grips on cloth gloves can either be non-slip smooth rubber or be rigid (Melco, 2016). </p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Physical Protection</h3>
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<p>Protection is the main benefit from using gloves. Repetitive motions, such as when pounding grain, can cause irritation to the skin. When collecting firewood the sticks and logs can scratch or cut the skin (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). Weeds can be rough and by scratching their hands many times they can become cut and sore (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). By lifting and pulling heavy items the top layer of your skin will separate from the next, causing a blister, by wearing gloves they now will prevent blistering because the glove will act as the top layer of skin and prevent the actual skin from separating (Schaffner, 2013). Manure has a lot of bacteria in it which are harmful if they are swallow, so keeping them away from the hands used to eat with is very beneficial (Furlong, et al., 2015). If farmers are working with firewood or in construction the cloth gloves will work better because they are more durable (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). The disposable rubber gloves would be the worst to use in this scenario because they are so thin, stick to jobs were the main goals are to keep hands dry and dirt free when using disposable rubber gloves.</p>
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<h3 style="background: #FBB03B;padding: 15px;font-weight: 600;color: #000;font-size: 22px;margin:unset;text-align:center;">Defense Against Moisture and Chemicals</h3>
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<p>Moisture blocking is a way gloves can prevent your skin from drying out and from getting too wet and dehydrating farmer's hands. By keeping the moisture from the hands inside the gloves they will prevent the skin from cracking and becoming infected (Schaffner, 2013). As well when working in wet conditions your hands can shrivel and become dehydrated if they are constantly in contact with water.</p>
<p>Pesticides can be absorbed by your skin and become harmful to the body, gloves provide an extra barrier to block them from entering in a farmer's body (Furlong, et al., 2015). Fertilizers such as nitrogen can also be caustic, and these are usually spread through broadcasting by hand. Mud can get under your nails and into cracked or cut skin and can infect a farmer's hands. Gloves will keep the mud out and keep hands clean. Both liquid pesticides and dry fertilizers can irritate skin if they come into contact with it (Kim, et al., 2013). Wearing the proper gloves, rubber ones in this case, can save their hands from becoming itchy (Keeble et al., 1996). Human skin can also absorb the pesticides which are harmful to your body, wearing gloves would prevent the pesticides from ever touching your skin.</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Wearable</h3>
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<p>Comfortable gloves help farmer's work longer because their hands will not hurt from completing your task. Sizing is very important when finding comfortable gloves (Melco, 2016). Make sure gloves are the proper length and width, as not to restrict movement. There will be less pain from pulling weeds and they will be able to pull more weeds because they would not have to wait a long for the pain to subside between pulling each weed, because there will be no pain if wearing gloves (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). If farmer's find they are working hard and their hands start to sweat the gloves should be removed , dry your hands, and put on a new pair. Cloth gloves are more breathable then rubber ones, using them is another way to prevent hands from getting sweaty. The cloth gloves can also be softer and easier to clean, but are more restricting to movement due to their durability and tougher material. Since children will also be farming, smaller glove sizes can be found. Gloves are designed to fit a farmer's hand snugly, so children should not wear adult sized gloves when working. </p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Constraints To Adoption</h3>
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<p>Gloves are very useful to farmers, but there can still be some drawbacks. Possible culturable taboos might vary from location to location. Gloves might seem feminine and not easily adopted by men in the community. Gloves act as a second, tougher skin, but they are not a farmer's skin and can slide around while working. This may feel odd and uncomfortable but farmers can get used to the new feeling over time. Gloves can come in many colours and thicknesses, which may make a farmer's hands look funny or larger. Human skin is very stretchy and flexible, while glove materials tend to be tougher than skin and will reduce movement, but not enough to hinder work. Rubber gloves can stretch well, but make hands sweat, while cloth gloves are breathable but reduce dexterity.</p>
<p>Farmers can find gloves to use and get started from local vendors (European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease, 2016). Once you have completed your work for the day you can clean them are reuse them, or dispose of them if they were ripped or torn (Kim, et al., 2013). You can get gloves made of rubber and like materials as well as ones made of durable cloths. The thin rubber gloves tend to be made for a single use only. A trick that the European Commission For The Control Foot-And-Mouth Disease mentions that you can wear two pairs of rubber gloves at the same time for extra protection (European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease, 2016).</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Helpful Links To Get Started </h3>
<div class="cont-bg">
<p>Here are websites to find more information about how to obtain gloves:</p>
<p>[https://www.alibaba.com/ Alibaba]</p>
<p>[https://www.indiamart.com/ Indiamart]</p>
<p>[http://www.store.nzfarmsource.co.nz/ Store Nzfarmsource]</p>
<p>[https://www.adenna.com Adenna]</p>
<p>[https://www.farmcity.co.za/ Farmcity]</p>
<p>[https://www.crazystore.co.za/ Crazystore]</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">References</h3>
<div class="cont-bg">
<p>Espasandín-Arias, M., & Goossens, A. (2014). Natural rubber gloves might not protect against skin penetration of methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis, 70(4), 249-251. doi:10.1111/cod.12221</p>
<p>European Commission For The Control Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease. Suggested FMD PPE guidelines - Food and Agriculture, (2016)
Food and Agriculture Organization. Rural women in household production: Increasing contributions and persisting drudgery. (2016).
</p>
<p>Furlong, M., Tanner, C. M., Goldman, S. M., Bhudhikanok, G. S., Blair, A., Chade, A., . . . Kamel, F. (2015). Protective glove use and hygiene habits modify the associations of specific pesticides with Parkinson's disease. Environment International, 75, 144-150. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.002</p>
<p>Keeble, V. B., Correll, L., & Ehrich, M. (1996). Effect of Laundering on Ability of Glove Fabrics to Decrease the Penetration of Organophosphate Insecticides Through in vitro Epidermal Systems. J. Appl. Toxicol. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16(5), 401-406. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199609)16:53.3.co;2-6</p>
<p>Kim, J., Kim, J., Cha, E., Ko, Y., Kim, D., & Lee, W. (2013). Work-Related Risk Factors by Severity for Acute Pesticide Poisoning Among Male Farmers in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(3), 1100-1112. doi:10.3390/ijerph10031100</p>
<p>Melco, M. (2016). Gardening Gloves. Retrieved from [http://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Gardening_Gloves Garden Lovetoknow]</p>
<p>Schaffner, A. D. (2013). Minimizing Surgical Skin Incision Scars with a Latex Surgical Glove. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 37(2), 463-463. doi:10.1007/s00266-013-0071-y</p>
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Template:Chapter 4.16.2 - Revision history

Mamta at 07:28, 30 August 2024

Mamta at 14:25, 11 December 2023

Mamta at 20:03, 25 June 2022

Mamta at 14:02, 24 June 2022

Mamta at 05:40, 10 June 2022

Mamta at 05:37, 6 June 2022

Mamta: Created page with " 4.16.2 - Balanced fertilizationMitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada Background The world’s 1 billion women and girls particip..."

4.16.2 - Balanced fertilization

Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada

Background

Mamta: Created page with "

4.16.2 - Balanced fertilization

Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada

Background

The world’s 1 billion women and girls particip..."