Template:Chapter 4.13 - Revision history

Mamta at 10:30, 13 January 2026

2026-01-13T10:30:40Z

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			<p><b>Related video(s)</b>: Human urine as fertilizer (Source: Access Agriculture)</p>
			<p><i> https://www.accessagriculture.org/human-urine-fertilizer?cat_id=1499</i></p>
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Murray,E. (2022) Treating seeds with urine. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Murray,E. (2022) Treating seeds with urine. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>

Mamta at 09:31, 17 August 2022

2022-08-17T09:31:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:31, 17 August 2022
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	<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>		<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	[[Image:5.13.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>		[[Image:5.13.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
			<p><i>For the South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.13:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.13_south_asian.pdf.</i></p>
			<p><i>For the East/South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.13:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.13e.s.a.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For the Sub-Saharan Africa/Caribbean version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson
			5.13:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.13subsaharan_africa_carribean.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For the Latin-America version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.13:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.13latin_america.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For North Africa And Middle East version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson Chapter 5. 4.12:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/4.12n._africa_middleeast.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>		<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>
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Mamta at 21:32, 22 July 2022

2022-07-22T21:32:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:32, 23 July 2022
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	<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>		<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	[[~~File~~:~~Capture_4~~.9.~~JPG~~]]		[[Image:5.13.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
	~~<p>http://farmpedia.org/images/2/2e/Capture_4.9.JPG~~</p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>		<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>
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Mamta at 11:19, 19 July 2022

2022-07-19T11:19:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 19 July 2022
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	<div class="title"><h3>4.13 - Treating seeds with urine</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Evelyn Murray, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>4.13 - Treating seeds with urine</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Evelyn Murray, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
	<div class="hero-img-2">		<div class="hero-img-2">
	[[File:4.~~jpg~~\|300px]]		[[File:Capture_5.0.JPG\|300px]]
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Murray,E. (2022) Treating seeds with urine. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Murray,E. (2022) Treating seeds with urine. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>

Mamta at 11:08, 19 July 2022

2022-07-19T11:08:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:08, 19 July 2022
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	<p>4. Once fermentation is completed, filter solution using a cotton cloth</p>		<p>4. Once fermentation is completed, filter solution using a cotton cloth</p>
	<p>5. Use 10 L of the solution spray on 1 acre of cropped land on 1.5 month old crops.</p>		<p>5. Use 10 L of the solution spray on 1 acre of cropped land on 1.5 month old crops.</p>
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			<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>
			<div class="cont-bg">
			[[File:Capture_4.9.JPG]]
			<p>http://farmpedia.org/images/2/2e/Capture_4.9.JPG</p>
			<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>
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Mamta at 19:56, 25 June 2022

2022-06-25T19:56:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:56, 25 June 2022
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	<div class="title">"><h3>4.13 - Treating seeds with urine</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Evelyn Murray, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>4.13 - Treating seeds with urine</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Evelyn Murray, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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			[[File:4.jpg\|300px]]
			<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
			<p>Murray,E. (2022) Treating seeds with urine. In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
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	<h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>		<h1 class="title-bg">Background</h1>
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	<p>A prominent issue that affects worldwide crop production is soil acidity, especially in developing nations. India for example is particularly affected with 95% of their soil being acidic (Kumar, 2014). This acidity creates deficiencies in minerals such as phosphorus and zinc which in turn reduces crop yields. In these developing nations where the farmers are economically poor, high cost commercial fertilizers to solve the problem are simply unattainable (Kumar, 2014). Another issue is the lack of ability by many smallholder farmers to manage soil texture and structure leading to insufficient seedling emergence which is pronounced in low rainfall regions (Nawaz et al., 2013). </p>		<p>A prominent issue that affects worldwide crop production is soil acidity, especially in developing nations. India for example is particularly affected with 95% of their soil being acidic (Kumar, 2014). This acidity creates deficiencies in minerals such as phosphorus and zinc which in turn reduces crop yields. In these developing nations where the farmers are economically poor, high cost commercial fertilizers to solve the problem are simply unattainable (Kumar, 2014). Another issue is the lack of ability by many smallholder farmers to manage soil texture and structure leading to insufficient seedling emergence which is pronounced in low rainfall regions (Nawaz et al., 2013). </p>

Mamta at 19:59, 11 June 2022

2022-06-11T19:59:58Z

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	<div class="title"><h3>4.13 - Treating seeds with urine</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Evelyn Murray, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title">"><h3>4.13 - Treating seeds with urine</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Evelyn Murray, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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Mamta at 19:43, 11 June 2022

2022-06-11T19:43:37Z

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Mamta at 19:35, 9 June 2022

2022-06-09T19:35:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:35, 9 June 2022
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	<div class="ch-owner"><h3>4.13 - Treating seeds with urine</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="ch-owner"><h1>4.13 - Treating seeds with urine</h1><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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Mamta at 13:07, 9 June 2022

2022-06-09T13:07:27Z

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	<h3 class="title-bg">~~Background~~</h3>		<h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>
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	<p>~~The world’s 1 billion women and girls participating~~ in ~~subsistence farming pull weeds by hand to improve their crops and also collect firewood for cooking~~, ~~resulting in their hands becoming rough~~ and ~~sore (Figure 1). This can be caused by wood splinters being lodged into their skin (Schaffner, 2013). Pulling weeds for hours on end can peel away layers~~ of ~~skin (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016)~~. ~~The hands~~ of ~~those farmers can also become dirty and smelly from planting seeds in~~ the soil or ~~spreading~~ manure ~~by hand. To avoid the common aforementioned problems as well as hand injuries, such as cuts and scrapes, they could wear gloves on their hands, see the second picture, (Schaffner~~, ~~2013). Gloves are very common in the modern world and~~ can be used for construction, farming, and medical practices. Gloves provide a durable layer between the skin on your hands and whatever you are working with (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). There are a few different materials used to ~~make gloves, along with different sizes~~ and ~~grips~~. ~~With over one billion women and girls working on farms around the world~~, ~~this grueling work can be made safer and more efficient when wearing gloves.</p>~~		<p>Livestock populations are declining in many developing nations, and with them the supply of manure. Animal manure is an important source of nutrients that will improve yields when applied to the soil. Where little or no animal manure is available, worms can be intentionally introduced to compost piles to help break down food waste and crop residue. This process, known as “vermicomposting” creates biologically active compost that will benefit soils in a similar manner to animal manure, especially in terms of providing organic matter and micronutrients. Vermicomposting has been demonstrated by several studies to improve the quality of the final compost product in comparison to regular composting by improving mineral availability and concentration (Arancon, Lee, Edwards, & Atiyeh, 2003; Bhattacharya & Chattopadhyay, 2002; Ndegwa, Thompson, & Das, 2000; Suthar, 2009).</p>
			<p>Worms can be broadly classified according to their habitat. “Epigeic” worms are those that live on the Earth’s surface in decomposing materials and do not have permanent underground burrows (Munroe). Epigeic worm species such as Red Wrigglers <i>(Eisinia fetida),</i> African Night Crawlers<i>(Eudrilis eugeniae),</i> and Perionyx excavatus are the most commonly used species for vermicomposting because a compost pile is very similar to their natural habitats. Epigeic worm species will predominate in untended compost or other decaying plant matter, so these are generally good places to collect worms to use for vermicomposting. Most epigeic worm species can reproduce rapidly, because this is necessary for competition in the wild (i.e. they must quickly grow in number when food becomes available) (Munroe). With this in mind, worm species found in an untended compost pile will probably have naturally good growth and reproduction rates, and therefore will likely be suitable for vermicomposting. More information on find an appropriate worm species is included below under <i>Feeding and Caring for the Worms.</i> </p>
	~~<p>Rubber and cloth are the two main kinds of gloves produced (Melco, 2016). They both have their own benefits and drawbacks respectively. A~~ benefit ~~from rubber gloves is their ability to resist water from coming~~ in ~~contact with~~ a ~~farmer's skin~~, see part two, (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). While cloth gloves can be beneficial because they can draw moisture away from their hands and can be easily washed to be cleaned. Because rubber gloves are usually meant to be disposed of ~~after single use they tend to be cheaper to make~~ and ~~thus cheaper to buy~~. ~~Yet some rubber gloves can be made thicker~~ to ~~reuse and are slightly more durable (Melco, 2016). Cloth gloves are designed to be washed after being used and last a long time under normal working conditions.</p>~~

	~~<p>Along with~~ the ~~different materials gloves are made~~ of~~, there are also different arm lengths. Some gloves are cut off just~~ in ~~front or around the wrist. While others can be up~~ to and ~~over the elbow and everywhere in between~~ (~~Melco~~, ~~2016). The benefits of the shorter gloves is comfort~~, ~~no bunching around wrist or elbow~~, ~~and they can be quickly put on or removed. The benefits of the long gloves are more protection~~, the entire forearm will be covered. All the while there is less of a chance of getting debris in their gloves because the opening is farther away from what you are working with. Farmers can also work in deeper water or mud with the long rubber gloves without getting your hands wet.</p>

	<p>~~When working with smooth items such as hoes and some fruits and vegetables they~~ can be ~~slippery (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016)~~. ~~A way to help farmer's hold~~ on to the ~~tools is to get gloves with grips (Melco, 2016). Both rubber~~ and ~~cloth gloves can have grips. Rubber gloves will~~ have ~~ridges in the molds to form grips and granular materials can be added to the outside before drying~~ (~~Melco, 2016~~). ~~Another option is to make the rubber gloves out of a non-slip rubber~~ (~~Melco, 2016~~)~~. Because cloth alone does not provide grip~~, ~~cloth gloves must be dipped in liquid rubber to be able to grip smooth objects. The rubber used for grips on cloth gloves can either be non-slip smooth rubber or be rigid (Melco, 2016).~~ </p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Physical Protection</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	~~<p>Protection~~ is ~~the main benefit from using gloves~~. ~~Repetitive motions~~, ~~such as when pounding grain, can cause irritation~~ to ~~the skin~~. ~~When collecting firewood the sticks and logs~~ can ~~scratch or cut~~ the ~~skin~~ (~~Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016)~~. ~~Weeds can be rough and by scratching their hands many times~~ they ~~can become cut and sore (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014~~). By lifting and pulling heavy items the top layer of your skin will separate from the next, causing a blister, by wearing gloves they now will prevent blistering because the glove will act as the top layer of skin and prevent the actual skin from separating (~~Schaffner, 2013~~). ~~Manure has a lot of bacteria~~ in ~~it which are harmful if they are swallow~~, ~~so keeping them away from the hands used to eat with is very beneficial (Furlong, et al., 2015). If farmers are working with firewood or~~ in ~~construction the cloth gloves~~ will ~~work better because they are more durable (Food~~ and ~~Agriculture Organization~~, ~~2016)~~. ~~The disposable rubber gloves would be~~ the ~~worst to use in this scenario because they are so thin, stick to jobs were the main goals are to keep hands dry and dirt free when using disposable rubber gloves~~.</p>
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