Template:Chapter 4.1.1 - Revision history

Mamta at 13:30, 29 August 2024

2024-08-29T13:30:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 29 August 2024
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	<div class="title"><h3>4.1.1 - Soil testing.</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>4.1.1 - Soil testing.</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dylan P. Harding, University of Guelph, Canada</h3></div>
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	[[File:4.~~jpg~~\|300px]]		[[File:4.1.1 image.jpeg\|300px]]
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Harding,DP (2022) Soil testing.In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Harding,DP (2022) Soil testing.In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>

Mamta at 08:03, 29 December 2023

2023-12-29T08:03:53Z

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 <p>The organic matter content of a soil refers to the fraction of the soil that has been derived from the breakdown of once living (organic) material. The presence of organic matter in a soil increases its resistance to compaction, its ability to retain water and nutrients, and provides a highly beneficial bank of nutrients that release slowly over time, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. The approximate level of organic matter in a soil can be assessed through observing the smell and colour of a soil. Soil that has higher levels of organic matter will have a more distinctive “earthy” smell than soils low in organic matter, which tend to be odourless. Most organic matter is dark in colour and thus a darker soil can often indicate higher levels of organic matter. When using colour as an indicator, the colour change within a field over time will be more accurate than comparisons between different fields because other soil characteristics (such as texture) that will vary between fields can also influence their colour.</p>
 <p>Crop residue and manure are good sources of organic matter that will increase the fertility of a soil over time. Most organic matter will eventually be broken down to carbon dioxide as it is consumed by micro-organisms within the soil. For this reason, some form of new organic matter should ideally be added to a soil every season to replace that which is being lost.  Organic matter usually contains nitrogen and phosphorus as a part of larger carbon-based molecules that are not immediately available to plants. As organic matter is broken down over time, these nutrients are released in the form of simple molecules that can be used by plants. Thus, regular addition of organic matter and minimizing removal of crop leaves and stems from the field can help to prevent nutrient deficiencies. However, it must be kept in mind that even when organic matter is being added to a soil on a regular basis, there is potential for nutrient deficiencies to develop if the organic matter being added to a soil contains less of a given nutrient than a crop removes. For this reason, the regular inspection of crops for symptoms of nutrient deficiency is recommended even when organic matter is being regularly applied.</p>
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Mamta at 13:30, 11 December 2023

2023-12-11T13:30:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 11 December 2023
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	[[File:4.jpg\|300px]]		[[File:4.jpg\|300px]]
	<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>		<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
	<p>Harding,D. (2022) Soil testing.In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>		<p>Harding,DP (2022) Soil testing.In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
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Mamta at 12:26, 16 August 2022

2022-08-16T12:26:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:26, 16 August 2022
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	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	[[Image:IMAGE 5.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>		[[Image:IMAGE 5.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
	<p><i>For the South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1.pdf</i></p>		<p><i>For the South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1_south_asian.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>For the East/South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1.pdf</i></p>		<p><i>For the East/South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1e.s.a.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>For the Sub-Saharan Africa/Caribbean version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1.pdf</i></p>		<p><i>For the Sub-Saharan Africa/Caribbean version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1subsaharan_africa_carribean.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>For the Latin-America version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1.pdf</i></p>		<p><i>For the Latin-America version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1latin_america.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For North Africa And Middle East version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/4.1n._africa_middleeast.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and LJ Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada. </i></p>		<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and LJ Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada. </i></p>
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Mamta at 10:36, 2 August 2022

2022-08-02T10:36:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:36, 2 August 2022
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	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	[[Image:IMAGE 5.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>		[[Image:IMAGE 5.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
	<p><i>For ~~plain picture~~ click this link for 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/~~chapter~~-5-~~--soil-health4~~.~~html~~</i></p>		<p><i>For the South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1.pdf</i></p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>		<p><i>For the East/South Asian version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For the Sub-Saharan Africa/Caribbean version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>For the Latin-America version (pictures only, text for you to insert), click this link for lesson 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/uploads/8/1/5/7/81574912/5.1.pdf</i></p>
			<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and LJ Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada. </i></p>
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Mamta at 10:54, 30 July 2022

2022-07-30T10:54:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:54, 30 July 2022
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	<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>		<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	[[Image:IMAGE 5.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>		[[Image:IMAGE 5.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
			<p><i>For plain picture click this link for 5.1:http://www.sakbooks.com/chapter-5---soil-health4.html</i></p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>		<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>
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Mamta at 20:07, 22 July 2022

2022-07-22T20:07:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:07, 22 July 2022
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	<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>		<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	[[~~File~~:~~Capture_3~~.9.~~JPG~~]]		[[Image:IMAGE 5.jpg\|thumb\|centre\|Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmer\|Click on the image to access a higher resolution image as well as lessons adapted for different geographic regions.]]</p>
	~~<p>http://farmpedia.org/images/1/10/Capture_3.9.JPG~~</p>
	<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>		<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>
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Mamta at 09:12, 19 July 2022

2022-07-19T09:12:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:12, 19 July 2022
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	<p>The organic matter content of a soil refers to the fraction of the soil that has been derived from the breakdown of once living (organic) material. The presence of organic matter in a soil increases its resistance to compaction, its ability to retain water and nutrients, and provides a highly beneficial bank of nutrients that release slowly over time, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. The approximate level of organic matter in a soil can be assessed through observing the smell and colour of a soil. Soil that has higher levels of organic matter will have a more distinctive “earthy” smell than soils low in organic matter, which tend to be odourless. Most organic matter is dark in colour and thus a darker soil can often indicate higher levels of organic matter. When using colour as an indicator, the colour change within a field over time will be more accurate than comparisons between different fields because other soil characteristics (such as texture) that will vary between fields can also influence their colour.</p>		<p>The organic matter content of a soil refers to the fraction of the soil that has been derived from the breakdown of once living (organic) material. The presence of organic matter in a soil increases its resistance to compaction, its ability to retain water and nutrients, and provides a highly beneficial bank of nutrients that release slowly over time, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. The approximate level of organic matter in a soil can be assessed through observing the smell and colour of a soil. Soil that has higher levels of organic matter will have a more distinctive “earthy” smell than soils low in organic matter, which tend to be odourless. Most organic matter is dark in colour and thus a darker soil can often indicate higher levels of organic matter. When using colour as an indicator, the colour change within a field over time will be more accurate than comparisons between different fields because other soil characteristics (such as texture) that will vary between fields can also influence their colour.</p>
	<p>Crop residue and manure are good sources of organic matter that will increase the fertility of a soil over time. Most organic matter will eventually be broken down to carbon dioxide as it is consumed by micro-organisms within the soil. For this reason, some form of new organic matter should ideally be added to a soil every season to replace that which is being lost. Organic matter usually contains nitrogen and phosphorus as a part of larger carbon-based molecules that are not immediately available to plants. As organic matter is broken down over time, these nutrients are released in the form of simple molecules that can be used by plants. Thus, regular addition of organic matter and minimizing removal of crop leaves and stems from the field can help to prevent nutrient deficiencies. However, it must be kept in mind that even when organic matter is being added to a soil on a regular basis, there is potential for nutrient deficiencies to develop if the organic matter being added to a soil contains less of a given nutrient than a crop removes. For this reason, the regular inspection of crops for symptoms of nutrient deficiency is recommended even when organic matter is being regularly applied.</p>		<p>Crop residue and manure are good sources of organic matter that will increase the fertility of a soil over time. Most organic matter will eventually be broken down to carbon dioxide as it is consumed by micro-organisms within the soil. For this reason, some form of new organic matter should ideally be added to a soil every season to replace that which is being lost. Organic matter usually contains nitrogen and phosphorus as a part of larger carbon-based molecules that are not immediately available to plants. As organic matter is broken down over time, these nutrients are released in the form of simple molecules that can be used by plants. Thus, regular addition of organic matter and minimizing removal of crop leaves and stems from the field can help to prevent nutrient deficiencies. However, it must be kept in mind that even when organic matter is being added to a soil on a regular basis, there is potential for nutrient deficiencies to develop if the organic matter being added to a soil contains less of a given nutrient than a crop removes. For this reason, the regular inspection of crops for symptoms of nutrient deficiency is recommended even when organic matter is being regularly applied.</p>
			</div>
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			<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
			<h1 class="title-bg">Picture Based Lesson to Train Farmers</h1>
			<div class="cont-bg">
			[[File:Capture_3.9.JPG]]
			<p>http://farmpedia.org/images/1/10/Capture_3.9.JPG</p>
			<p><i>Source: MN Raizada and L Smith (2016) A Picture Book of Best Practices for Subsistence Farmers. eBook, University of Guelph Sustainable Agriculture Kit (SAK) Project, June 2016, Guelph, Canada.</i></p>
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Mamta at 17:24, 13 July 2022

2022-07-13T17:24:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:24, 13 July 2022
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	<h3 class="title-bg">Images and Descriptions of Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms for Different Crops</h3>		<h3 class="title-bg">Images and Descriptions of Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms for Different Crops</h3>
	<div class="cont-bg">		<div class="cont-bg">
	<p>Rice~~: http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/RiceDoctor/information-sheets-mainmenu-2730/deficiencies-and-toxicities-mainmenu-2734/nitrogen-deficiency-mainmenu-2749.html~~</p>		<p>Rice</p>
	<p>Wheat~~: http://wheatdoctor.cimmyt.org/index.php/en/nutrient-problems/identification-key~~		<p>Wheat</p>
	~~http://cropwatch.unl.edu/web/soils/nutrient-deficiency-wheat.~~</p>		<p>Corn/ Maize.</p>
	<p>Corn/ Maize~~: http://maizedoctor.cimmyt.org/index.php/en/component/content/article/147-mineral-nutrition~~.</p>		<p>Banana. </p>
	<p>Banana~~: http://r4dreview.org/2013/01/isfm-for-banana-systems/~~. </p>		<p>Soybeans.</p>
	<p>Soybeans~~: http://cropwatch.unl.edu/web/soils/soybean-nutrients~~.</p>		<p>Sorghum. </p>
	<p>Sorghum~~: http://cropwatch~~.~~unl.edu/web/soils/keysnutrientdef~~ </p>
	<p>iPad iPhone nutrient apps: Note that a compatible mobile device is required to use these applications as they will not run on most personal computers.</p>		<p>iPad iPhone nutrient apps: Note that a compatible mobile device is required to use these applications as they will not run on most personal computers.</p>
	<p>“Crop Nutrient Deficiency Photo Library” from the International Plant Nutrition Institute~~: http://www.ipni.net/ndapp~~.</p>		<p>“Crop Nutrient Deficiency Photo Library” from the International Plant Nutrition Institute.</p>
	<p>“Learning Plant Language” from Agronomic Acumen~~: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Agronomic+Acumen&hl=en~~.</p>		<p>“Learning Plant Language” from Agronomic Acumen.</p>
	<p>“K gallery” (potassium deficiency image guide) from The International Potash Institute (somewhat limited, but free)~~: https://itunes.apple~~.~~com/ca/app/k-gallery/id557224524?mt=8~~</p>		<p>“K gallery” (potassium deficiency image guide) from The International Potash Institute (somewhat limited, but free).</p>
	<p>The “Nutrient Removal Application” from Ag-PhD provides estimates of nutrient removal rates of different crops based on yield: http://www.agphd.com/resources/ag-phd-mobile-apps/ag-phd-nutrient-removal-by-crop-app/</p>		<p>The “Nutrient Removal Application” from Ag-PhD provides estimates of nutrient removal rates of different crops based on yield: http://www.agphd.com/resources/ag-phd-mobile-apps/ag-phd-nutrient-removal-by-crop-app/</p>
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Mamta at 16:28, 13 July 2022

2022-07-13T16:28:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:28, 13 July 2022
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	<p>Coastal areas are at especially high risk of soil salinization because of the entry of salts from seawater into adjacent ground water. Additionally, areas that have been heavily irrigated or fertilized (e.g. China) often face issues with salinity because of salt-impurities in the various additives (including slightly saline irrigation water) that have been used.</p>		<p>Coastal areas are at especially high risk of soil salinization because of the entry of salts from seawater into adjacent ground water. Additionally, areas that have been heavily irrigated or fertilized (e.g. China) often face issues with salinity because of salt-impurities in the various additives (including slightly saline irrigation water) that have been used.</p>

	<p>Salt tolerant cultivars of various crops have been developed, and variation in salinity tolerance between different cultivars of the same species has been widely observed (El-Akhal et al., 2013; Garg & Chandel, 2011; D. L. N. Rao, Giller, Yeo, & Flowers, 2002; Rashid, Qureshi, Hollington, & Wyn Jones, 1999). Cultivars that are salt tolerant can be obtained from national breeding programs and CGIAR institutes ~~(http://www.cgiar.org/cgiar-consortium/research-centers/)~~.</p>		<p>Salt tolerant cultivars of various crops have been developed, and variation in salinity tolerance between different cultivars of the same species has been widely observed (El-Akhal et al., 2013; Garg & Chandel, 2011; D. L. N. Rao, Giller, Yeo, & Flowers, 2002; Rashid, Qureshi, Hollington, & Wyn Jones, 1999). Cultivars that are salt tolerant can be obtained from national breeding programs and CGIAR institutes.</p>
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