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	~~<div class="title"><h3>~~8.55~~-Low-Cost Potato Peelers</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Dimitri Papadedes, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>~~
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	~~<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>~~
	~~<p>Papadedes,D. (2022) Low-Cost Potato Peelers,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>~~
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	<P>There are many reasons why the introduction of handheld potato peelers for various fruits and vegetables would be useful for smallholder households. Some of these reasons include boosted income for women (Yakovleva, 2007), easier access to micronutrients mostly found in fruits and vegetables (Darmon, Maillot & Drewnowski, 2005), and reduced drudgery for women to remove stubborn, sometimes even toxic, peels. Smallholder women farmers grow vegetables in their home gardens and the peel can represent a barrier to commercialization and hence enhanced profit; potato peelers could be an inexpensive solution to this problem.</P>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Introduction to the handheld potato peeler </h3>~~
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	<p>Handheld potato peelers are culinary tools consisting of a blade with a slot in the middle of it to remove the outer layer or the peel of vegetables like potatoes, carrots, and more. Potato peelers are a safer and more efficient way of removing this outer layer, compared to cutting it off with a knife - as this method has a higher risk of injury and generates more food waste. Large mechanical peeling machines are expensive, heavy, difficult to transport and require machinery. Therefore, handheld peelers would be ideal as they are lightweight cheap and very easy to use. Not to mention they are much safer than using a traditional knife.</p>
	<p>Potato peelers are a solution to a variety of other issues, one of those being the safety of the consumption of some vegetables. For example, potato peels are tough to eat and even harder to digest (Montanati et al., 2017). Potato peelers offer an easy solution to this by making the process of peeling vegetables much more efficient. They could also be used on cassava, which is toxic and can cause very harmful side effects if not peeled and soaked to remove cyanide (Coursey,1973). In Africa, potato peelers allow working women to peel more potatoes - or other vegetables - more efficiently and therefore have more to sell, increasing their income. It is unknown what the market price of peeled or unpeeled potatoes is in Africa at this time - but in 1955 in the United States, it was found that peeling a potato marked up the price by up to 400% (Agricultural Marketing Service, 1955). It can be assumed that the price of marketable goods in Africa will then also increase per pound. According to Indiamart.ca, on average the price for a handheld potato peeler is anywhere from 0.30 USD to 1 USD. With upwards of 9 versions of the potato peeler, this gives farmers lots of options for choosing the best tool for the job (Jon & Cindy, 2021). One example is a swivel peeler, which is better used for long vegetables such as carrots and cassava. Another one is the Y or Swiss peeler which is good for large firm vegetables such as potatoes, squash and apples. A serrated peeler is suited for softer, thin-skinned produce like tomatoes, eggplants or peaches (Jon & Cindy, 2021). Overall, potato peelers offer great versatility to many smallholder farmers.</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Benefits of a Handheld Potato Peeler </h3>~~
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	<p>In terms of practical use, handheld potato peelers may be more effective for smallholders than powered units that require electricity or petrol, which may be inaccessible, unreliable or expensive for remote, rural communities. With respect to traditional peeling with a knife, efficiency and safety are significant concerns. From tests, potato peelers are almost two times more efficient than a paring knife (Poirirer, 2016) and are much safer to use as well. A smallholder farmer has two options, either sell foods raw and unprepared or make/cook them into foods that are less perishable or take more labour. Making jams, sauces and other goods are less perishable. On average unrefrigerated and unopened jams can last anywhere from 1-2 years (Cindy, 2015), compared to days for raw fruits and vegetables. Another benefit of peeling and then processing fruits and vegetables is is that they can sell these items at higher prices, in effect creating a higher income source especially for women. They can also save these items for when the demand and hence purchase price is higher (e.g. the dry season).</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Distribution and Upkeep</h3>~~
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	<p>One of the many challenges when it comes to introducing a new product to smallholder farmers pertains to the distribution of not only the product but also how to upkeep the tools. Agriculture cooperatives could play a significant role in the distribution of tools to smallholder farmers in Africa (Ortmann & King, 1970). Potato peelers could be sold in market stalls in rural and peri-urban areas, easily accessible to women. Upkeeping handheld potato peelers is rather easy to do, as one would only need a sharpening file. Sharpening a peeler is as easy as rubbing a file back and forth on each part of the blade (How to Sharpen a Vegetable Peeler, 2021).</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Critical Analysis</h3>~~
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	<p>African farmers may want to use their traditional methods to peel vegetables and be unwilling to use potato peelers. Tradition in Africa is very important, including farming and food preparation practices including tools (Boateng,1983). So, it may take evidence to change smallholder farmer’s traditional practices. One of the biggest challenges in introducing anything new to smallholder farms is price. However, these potato peelers are so cheap, almost anyone can use one which makes it highly accessible. As these handheld peelers help markup prices for farm products, some women could use fruits and vegetables grown in their home gardens to set up small commercial businesses and have an extra source of income. Due to vast improvements in the safety and efficiency of these tools (Poirirer, 2016), women who start these kinds of businesses can also recruit their children to assist.</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Practical Resources to Get Started</h3>~~
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	~~<p>There are videos online of how to sharpen/straighten blades at home with everyday things (like the back of a fork):~~
	~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVt1cWLxJMw&ab_channel=Which%3F https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GL0gN5IgK8s&ab_channel=Chowhound</p>~~

	~~<p>Here is a demonstration of how to use a potato peeler:~~
	~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taBk7cPuyWQ&ab_channel=K-StateResearchandExtension</p>~~

	~~<p>Here are some websites with prices and different models, these range from knife models to big industrial machines but those aren’t as ideal as handheld versions:~~
	~~https://dir.indiamart.com/search.mp?ss=potato+peeler+knife</p>~~

	~~<p>How to turn apples into a sauce for selling at a high value:~~
	~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iu_6aOqjfnA&ab_channel=TheStayAtHomeChef</p>~~

	~~<p>Here are nine different types of peelers for different situations:~~
	~~https://littleupgrades.com/types-of-peelers/</p>~~
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Conclusion </h3>~~
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	<p>In conclusion, introducing potato peelers might be difficult in terms of distribution but overall, they would be helpful not only to improve consumption of micronutrient-rich foods by the family but also add value and profit and reduce the labour required for making/selling processed food products. The general use and upkeep of these devices are very simple and can be taught easily to smallholder farmers. Lastly, the efficiency, safety and low price make potato peelers a tool with high adoption potential.</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>~~
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	~~<p>1. Agricultural Marketing Service (1955), The Commercial Potato Peeling Industry. Retrieved from https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310182/files/mrr105.pdf</p>~~
	<p>2. Arapoglou, D., Varzakas, T., Vlyssides, A., & Israilides, C. (2010). Ethanol production from Potato Peel Waste (PPW). Waste Management 30, 1898-1902. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X10002448.</p>
	~~<p>3. Boateng, F. (1983). African traditional education: A method of disseminating cultural values. Journal of Black Studies, 13(3), 321-336.</p>~~
	<p>4. Cindy (2015). Jam - how long does jam last? shelf life expiration date. Eat By Date. Retrieved December 3, 2021, from http://www.eatbydate.com/other/condiments/how-long-does-jam last-shelf-life-expiration-date/.</p>
	~~<p>5. Coursey, D. G. (1973). Cassava as food: toxicity and technology. In Chronic Cassava Toxicity. IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA.</p>~~
	<p>6. Darmon, N., Darmon, M., Maillot, M., & Drewnowski, A. (2005). A nutrient density standard for vegetables and fruits: nutrients per calorie and nutrients per unit cost. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(12), 1881-1887.</p>
	<p>7. Khairnar, M. D., & Nair, S. S. (2019). Study on Eggshell and Fruit Peels as a Fertilizer. In Proceedings of International Conference on Sustainable Development, Feb 14-15, 2019, Pune, India (pp. 25-27).</p>
	~~<p>8. Cuisine Home (2021), How to sharpen a vegetable peeler. (from https://www.cuisineathome.com/tips/how-to-sharpen-a-vegetable-peeler/.</p>~~
	<p>9. Javed, A., Ahmad, A., Tahir, A., Shabbir, U., Nouman, M., and Hameed, A. (2019). Review potato peel waste its nutraceutical, industrial and biotechnological applications. AIMS Agriculture and Food 4, 807-823. Retrieved from: https://www.aimspress.com/article/id/4192</p>
	~~<p>10. Jon & Cindy. (2021). The 9 types of peelers for vegetables and fruits. Little Upgrades. Retrieved from https://littleupgrades.com/types-of-peelers/</p>~~
	<p>11. Montanati, A., Maria, I., & Cifarelli, A. (2017). Agri and food waste valorisation co-ops based on flexible multi-feedstocks biorefinery processing technologies for new high added value applications. agrimax. Retrieved September 30, 2021, from https://agromax.iris.cat/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AGRIMAX-D.1.2_Mapping-of-AFPW-and-their-characteristics.pdf. </p>
	<p>12. Ortmann, G. F., & King, R. P. (1970). Small-scale farmers in South Africa: Can Agricultural Cooperatives facilitate access to input and product markets? AgEcon Search. Retrieved from https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/13930/.</p>
	~~<p>13. Poirier, G. (2016). Potato Peeler Vs Paring Knife [Motion Picture]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtHd9t1Gkdc&ab_channel=GhislainPoirier</p>~~
	<p>14. Soderquist, M. R., & Graham, J. L. (1977). Fruit-, Vegetable-, and Grain-Processing Wastes. Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), 49(6), 1118–1123. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25039693 </p>
	~~<p>15. Yakovleva, N. (2007). Perspectives on female participation in artisanal and small-scale mining: A case study of Birim North District of Ghana. Resources Policy, 32(1-2), 29-41. </p>~~

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2022-07-08T07:14:11Z

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8.55-Sweet Potato Value Addition

Alex Roberts, University of Guelph, Canada

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Suggested citation for this chapter.

Roberts,A. (2022) Sweet Potato Value Addition,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org

Introduction
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2022-07-05T18:29:46Z

Created page with "<div> <div class="title"><h3>8.55-Sweet Potato Value Addition</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Alex Roberts, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div> <div class="hero-img-2"> 300px <p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p> <p>Roberts,A. (2022) Sweet Potato Value Addition,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p> <h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>..."

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<div>
<div class="title"><h3>8.55-Sweet Potato Value Addition</h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Alex Roberts, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>
<div class="hero-img-2">
[[File:4.jpg|300px]]
<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
<p>Roberts,A. (2022) Sweet Potato Value Addition,In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
<h3 class="title-bg">Introduction</h3>
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<P>Sweet potato is a widely grown root crop ( Business Diary, 2017); its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots compose a nutritious vegetable. The young leaves and shoots are sometimes eaten as greens (ActionAid, 2015). Over 95% of the global sweet potato crop is produced in developing countries. More than 130 million tons are produced per year, with China producing about 80% of it (ActionAid, 2015). Sweet potato is rich in carbohydrates, phosphorus, and an excellent source of Vitamins A, B and C (Business Diary, 2017). It is known to lower cholesterol with curative effects for constipation and stomach stress. Value addition from sweet potatoes has become an increasing topic in the food world today as it has endless uses and all of the plant can be used as food for humans or feed for livestock (Business Diary, 2017). Sweet potatoes are widely becoming a novel root vegetable for functional foods, as it is nutritious and widely accessible (Sweet Potato Knowledge Portal, 2018). Functional foods are described as foods that contribute to an overall healthy body (Sweet Potato Knowledge Portal, 2018).</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Wrapping</h3>
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<p>The simplest value addition ideas would be to wrap sweet potatoes in newspaper in order to limit their exposure to light. Light can accelerate the autooxidation of fats and oils. This is imperative to increase shelf life, as well it can be more attractive to buyers; this can be advertised as offering a longer shelf life then other competitors (FoodSafetySite, 2012). Not wrapping each in their own individual package can lead to mold and harmful bacteria that can age sweet potatoes (FoodSafetySite, 2012). And wrapping each in an individual package would prevent pathogen cross-contamination (Lerner, B. Rosie, 2018). This process can be done extremely fast by hand and would result in a prolonged shelf life. Wrapping may be more expensive and time consuming, however, buying used newspaper or books can be inexpensive. Recycling can also lead to a cleaner environment; this can benefit smallholder farmers who sell what they produce (Knott, S., 2018). However, there is insufficient data on the price difference for wrapped compared to unwrapped sweet potatoes.</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Labeling</h3>
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<p>Value addition could be achieved simply by noting the nutrient benefits of processed sweet potato on packaging. For example, baking the potatoes instead of frying or boiling allows for more nutrients to be kept (Dincer, Cuneyt, et al., 2011). Baking a potato only requires cutting then placing onto a sheet in an oven. Labeling can improve sale value/rate, while adding a quick recipe (like baked fries) could add further value. Also, including the nutritional value of sweet potatoes can be beneficial (Sustain, 2007). A study from Miller & Cassady (2015) supports the claim that including nutritious information helps increase the sale of products by increasing the rate of sales, since ‘knowledge-is-power’. This would be best sold to tourists or at markets.</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Flour</h3>
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<p>Sweet potato root can be used to produce a variety of flours, which would be subsequently used to make breads, pastries and noodles (CIP, 2018). The process of producing flour from sweet potato root is described in full below. The following diagram shows an overview of the process:</p>
[[File:Capture 792.JPG]]
<p>The process requires a knife for cutting as well as a mill; mills can be priced as low as $60. A visual step by step process of making flour can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLEbnNnXqMA. This video is particularly useful because it describes the process in Kenya. Sweet potato flour can be used to fortify other flours or to make bread itself. Fortifying other flours with sweet potato flour yielded the best results compared to other white breads made from wheat flour alone (Shan, Shan, et al., 2012). Hence the packaging could advertise that sweet potato fortified bread is healthier and contains more nutrients than traditional flours. Sweet potato flour is sold in Canada at Walmart (https://www.walmart.com/c/kp/potato-flour) for $17.86/Kg, thus a smallholder farmer can mill the roots and sell for a profit.</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Jam</h3>
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<p>Sweet potato today can be used to make jams with only a blender (Business Diary, 2017), which the online retailer “Alibaba.com” sells for as little as $11. Blended sweet potato can also lead to value added products such as smoothies, drinks and catsup (Business Diary, 2017). This would help improve sales at road sides and markets.</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Sweet potato skins</h3>
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<p>Farmers and consumers can use the whole tuber to maximize profits. As already noted, the root can be used to create flour for human consumption or can be sold as livestock feed ( CIP, 2018). The outer layer of the tuber, instead of being thrown away, contains many useful nutrients and protein which could be added to smoothies, jams, or drinks (Allrecipes, 2018). As stated before a blender can cost as low as $11 on Alibaba.com. Additionally, sweet potato skins can also be baked (Allrecipes, 2018).</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Baked sweet potatoes</h3>
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<p>There is another popular value addition from sweet potatoes which serves as a healthy alternative to white fleshed potatoes. Sweet potatoes (baked, fried, boiled) are considered as a novel source for natural health promoting compounds (beta-carotene and anthocyanins) for the functional food market (Bovell et al., 2017). Boiling sweet potatoes result in a loss in carotenoids and other important vitamins and minerals (Gehse, Saskia, et al.), hence baking is an alternative. Baking is done in an oven, which can cost as little as $60 on Alibaba, or using rocks or clay. For the latter, a tutorial can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_OUaJVHnF0. Baking opens up new markets, such as to tourists or at local markets.</p>

<p>In conclusion, there is an abundance of value addition ideas for sweet potato smallholder farmers, and there are still more to be discovered with research. Most of these products are realistic for smallholder farmers to implement.</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>
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<p>1. ActionAid. (2015). What is a small holder farmer? Retrieved from http://actionaid.org/australia/2015/06/smallholderfarmers101</p>

<p>2. Bovell, B. Adelia C. (2007) Sweet Potato: A Review of Its Past, Present, and Future Role in Human Nutrition. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 7, 1–59, doi:10.1016/s1043-4526(06)52001-7.</p>

<p>3. Describe the different ways that food spoils. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.foodsafetysite.com/educators/competencies/general/microbiology/mic6.html</p>

<p>4. Dincer, Cuneyt, et al. (2011) Effects of Baking and Boiling on the Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Sweet Potato [Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam.] Cultivars. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 66 (4), 341-347. doi:10.1007/s11130-011-0262-0.</p>

<p>5. Gehse, Saskia, et al. (2018) Determination of the Effect of Boiling on the Bioavailability of Carotenoids in Vegetables Using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Laser Physics, 28(10), 105602. doi:10.1088/1555-6611/aad1b4.</p>

<p>6. Knott, S. (2018, March 22). One of Africa's most promising cities has a trash problem. Retrieved from https://qz.com/africa/1229079/ghana-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-has-a-trash-problem/</p>

<p>7. Sweet Potato Knowledge Portal, www.sweetpotatoknowledge.org/files/presentation-12-low-cost-technologies-value-addition-orange-fleshed-sweetpotato-smallholder-farmers-western-kenya/.</p>

<p>8. Lerner, B. Rosie. “Time to Harvest Sweet Potatoes.” Purdue Extension - Purdue University, 21 Sept. 2018, http://extension.purdue.edu/article/30787.</p>

<p>9. Miller, L. M., & Cassady, D. L. (2015). The effects of nutrition knowledge on food label use. A review of the literature. Appetite, 92, 207-216. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.029</p>

<p>10. Obi, L. “15 Ways You Can Add Value to Potatoes for More Money.” Daily Nation, 30 Sept. 2016, www.nation.co.ke/business/seedsofgold/ways-you-can-add-value-to-potatoes-for-more-money/2301238-3400418-e4g4ul/index.html. (cite as Obi, 2016)</p>

<p>11. Old Farmer's Almanac. (2018). Growing Sweet Potatoes. Retrieved November 29, 2018, from https://www.almanac.com/plant/sweet-potatoes</p>

<p>12. Shan, S., et al. (2012) Physicochemical Properties And Salted Noodle-Making Quality Of Purple Sweet Potato Flour And Wheat Flour Blends. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 37 (5) 709-716, doi:10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00686.x.</p>

<p>13. Sustain (2007). How can improved food labelling contribute to a healthy and sustainable food system? Retrieved from https://www.sustainweb.org/publications/how_can_improved_food_labelling_contribute/</p>

<p>14. “Sweet Potato Recipes.” Allrecipes, www.allrecipes.com/recipes/1094/fruits-and-vegetables/vegetables/sweet-potato/.</p>

<p>15. “Sweet Potato Processing and Uses.” International Potato Center (CIP), cipotato.org/crops/sweetpotato/sweet-potato-processing-and-uses/.</p>

<p>16. “Value-Added Products from Sweet Potato.” Business Diary PH, Business Diary Ph, 8 Dec. 2017, businessdiary.com.ph/6427/value-added-products-sweet-potato/.</p>

<p>17. Victoria Grain Mill - Corona Style. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://torontobrewing.ca/products/victoria-grain-mill-corona-style?variant=32012717379&utm_campaign=gs-2018-10-07&utm_source=google&utm_medium=smart_campaign&gclid=Cj0KCQiA8_PfBRC3ARIsAOzJ2uofbhQoD5PPMrJmemx2diMDGAHWGcxHijD9bGs-mKJ4GkNSNI9sHm8aAkNGEALw_wcB</p>