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	~~<div class="title"><h3>~~5.45 ~~-Potential For Combating Climate Change With Acacia Trees Globally By Smallholder Farmers </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Ashley Martin, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>~~
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	~~<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>~~
	<p>Martin,A. (2022) Potential For Combating Climate Change With Acacia Trees Globally By Smallholder Farmers, In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Detailed overview of genus</h3>~~
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	<p>The Genus Acacia is a tree or shrub has over 1250 different species under its umbrella, with 170 of those being native to Africa (Hayward, 2004). In addition to Africa, the genus is also native to Australia, South East Asia, and the Middle East (Brenan, 1983). A non-demanding plant, it is most commonly grown from seed, requiring less labour and being more cost effective than other trees (ANPSA, 2012). It grows optimally in a range of soil types ranging from sand dunes to lateritic soils, and flourishes in a temperature between 12 and 25 degrees Celsius (Murray et. al, 1990). The plant does best in a pH range between 5 and 8, with an annual rainfall between 280 mm and 450 mm, thus making it ideal for some subtropical regions of the world (Mwove, 2020). It is sensitive to frost and waterlogging (Mwove, 2020). Most species live for 12 to 15 years, and are generally fast-growing plants (ANPSA, 2012). There is variation in terms of the optimal growing conditions amongst Acacia species, but the most widely cultivated species thrive in the above conditions.</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">How acacia trees can help combat climate change </h3>~~
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	<p>According to a study conducted by the U.K.’s Department for International Development’s Forestry Research Programme, the following species are suitable for dry and degraded soils, and are highly drought tolerant: Acacia erioloba, Acacia karroo, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, and Acacia tortilis (Hayward, 2004). Their drought tolerance comes from their deep taproots and results in less than 50% hydraulic conductivity loss (Crous et. al, 2011), meaning that planting them would create the potential to increase forest cover in arid and semi-arid areas – leading to more greenspace, effectively boosting air quality and allowing space for more wildlife habitat across Africa. At the same time, as the roots associate with underground bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to nitrogen fertilizer, the genus Acacia has the ability to improve soil quality and help to prevent desertification (Desertlands Foundation-Kenya, 2018).</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Benefits to the farmer of growing Acacia trees </h3>~~
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	<p>Though each species and variety of Acacia offers its own unique properties and products, the species above tend to be multipurpose. Farmers can generate income from numerous Acacia products - such as livestock fodder, dyes and tannins, famine food, firewood, charcoal, timber for building/pulp/tools/musical instruments, as well as gum arabic from the A. senegal species. The flowering and shrub varieties are used and sold as ornamentals (Kew Science, 2020). Gum arabic is used as a food additive and has the highest economic potential out of all these products - growing best in the “gum-belt” which spans North Africa to Ethiopia in the west (Hayward, 2004). Smoke from burning the wood also acts as an effective and natural insect repellent (Wickens, 1995). The thorny branches of many species can serve as crude but effective fencing to keep out wandering animals who might graze on the tree (Hayward, 2004).</p>
	<p>As previously mentioned, Acacia trees improve soil quality, therefore allowing farmers to produce higher quality and more nutritious food crops for their own consumption as well as for sale (Desertlands Foundation-Kenya, 2018). Weeds do not tend to be an issue with Acacias, as the tree grows quickly and “shades out the weeds” (Murray et. al, 1990). Fertilizer application is not a huge concern, but it would be best to establish using a slow-releasing fertilizer (ANPSA, 2012). According to Ogodo (2009), the tree itself acts as a fertilizer. Acacia leaves also serve as a nutritional fodder for livestock, delivering around 17% crude protein compared to maize at less than 10% (Hayward, 2004). All of the benefits and ease of cultivating this tree can positively impact smallholder women farmers, allowing them highly increased crop yields, improved soil quality, additional products to sell or use, and as a natural fertilizer for just the initial cost and upkeep of the tree.</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Critical analysis and practical</h3>~~
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	~~<p><u>Seeds</u></p>~~
	<p>In South Africa, the retail cost of Acacia seeds online is on average between 12-20 Rand, or between $0.79 and $1.30 USD per pack of ten seeds (Seeds for Africa, 2020), depending on the species. This is equivalent to a half-day day’s worth of earnings for many smallholder farmers. More affordable seeds could potentially be distributed by seed banks or by trade in Sub-Saharan Africa and SouthEast Asia, though it is difficult to find governments or NGOs that are distributing seeds to smallholder farmers.. There appears to be a need for organizations to purchase seeds from suppliers such as Seeds for Africa (mentioned above), or connect local entrepreneurs to seed suppliers.</p>
	<p>Seeds shed annually from pre-existing plants, and can be harvested by striking the branches until they fall off (ANPSA, 2012). Due to the widespread nature of Acacias over the world the seed is not difficult to obtain. Seeds could potentially be distributed by existing seed banks as well (links below). As with many plants, Acacia seeds have a hard outer coat which needs to be treated prior to germination in order for it to grow successfully (ANPSA, 2012). The simplest way to pretreat the seeds is to pour boiling water over them and let them soak overnight. The seeds should puff up to nearly double their size, at which point they will be ready to plant. In some cases, the seeds will not puff up after only one round of pretreatment, in which case it can be repeated as many times as necessary. Alternatively, the seeds can be rubbed in between sandpaper in order to wear down the seed coat. These two methods should work for most species of Acacia, excluding those which originate from tropical areas. The seeds from most tropical species however, can be planted without treatment (Murray et. al, 1990).</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Cultivation and potential issues</h3>~~
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	<p>Aside from occasional and light pruning in its initial years, the Acacia requires minimal maintenance (ANPSA, 2012). As long as it is grown in a suitable climate, watering and fertilizing are not required.</p>
	<p>A non demanding tree, the Acacia does not suffer from many pests or diseases. Notably though, the borer has been studied to affect black Acacias such as A.decurrens, A.parramattensis and A.mearnsii (ANPSA, 2012). When affected by borers, the tree can still grow strongly for 7 to 8 years, around half of its natural lifespan. If necessary, a wire can be inserted into the trunk or branch to remove the pest.</p>
	<p>As previously mentioned, the genus Acacia grows well in poor soils. It is usually unnecessary to introduce new compatible rhizobia bacteria to facilitate underground atmospheric nitrogen fixation (Thrall et. al, 2005). If this optional step is taken and results in the inoculation of Acacia, it has the potential to further rejuvenate degraded soils. Inoculated Acacia species have also shown an overall increase in the efficiency of seed establishment and tree growth (Thrall et. Al, 2005). One notable supplier of inoculants is BASF Agricultural Solutions in South Africa (BASF, 2017). Poaching of the sapling/tree may or may not be a concern, but wild or domestic animals may graze on the leaves, inhibiting their growth (Pasternak et., 2010).</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Harvest</h3>~~
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	<p>The most practical way to harvest Acacia wood for sale is through the use of machinery such as harvesters for logging, though on the smaller scale it can be done manually. Harvesting for gum arabic is simple, as it oozes out naturally under harsh climate conditions when the bark breaks. In order to speed up the process, the tree can be tapped (Mwove, 2020). Ideally, one should wait until the tree is mature in order to reap the full benefits. This means that the end product of wood should be harvested after at least 7 to 8 years of growth. Products such as gum arabic, seed/seed pods, etc. can be harvested along the way as they are shed annually. The soil improvement benefit in terms of nitrogen also lasts the entirety of the tree’s lifespan (ANPSA, 2012).</p>
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Helpful Links and Videos</h3>~~
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	<p>Though the World Agroforestry Centre or other NGOs do not appear to be directly supplying acacia seeds to smallholder farmers, a book was published by the World Agroforestry Centre on how organizations can begin to adopt seed distribution: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/default/files/Toolkit.pdf </p>
	<p>Based in Tunisia, “Acacias For All” project aims to combat desertification and empower women farmers at the same time. Projects such as this can lay out a foundation for other organizations - supplying seeds, teaching women how to cultivate, harvest, and create/sell products for income. The website below is in French, though translated sources can be found as well. http://acaciasforall.tn/?v=947d7d61cd9a</p>
	~~<p>Manual seed harvesting tutorial - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-GEh8dQEoA</p>~~
	~~<p>Brief summary of propagation and cultivation practices - https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Acacia_(PROSEA_Timbers)</p>~~
	~~<p>Case studies and detailed information on Acacias for international development from ICRAF - http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/icraf-subject/acacia</p>~~
	~~<p>Further information on Acacia products, specifically medicinal/pharmaceutical - https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/acacia</p>~~
	~~<p>FAO Conservation Guide 27, a book full of information on management and usage of Acacias - http://www.fao.org/3/v5360e/v5360e00.htm</p>~~
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	~~<h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>~~
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	~~<p>1. Australian Native Plants Society Australia (2012, December). ANPSA Plant Guide: Acacia. http://anpsa.org.au/acacia.html.</p>~~
	~~<p>2. BASF Agricultural Solutions South Africa (2017). RhizoFlo – Agricultural Solutions. https://www.agro.basf.co.za/en/Products/Overview/Inoculant/RhizoFlo.html</p>~~
	<p>3. Brenan, J. P. M. (1983). Manual on taxonomy of Acacia species: present taxonomy of four species of Acacia (A. albida, A. senegal, A. nilotica, A. tortilis). Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/q2934e/Q2934E00.htm#TOC</p>
	<p>4. Crous, C. J., Jacobs, S. M., & Esler, K. J. (2011). Drought-tolerance of an invasive alien tree, Acacia mearnsii and two native competitors in fynbos riparian ecotones. Biological Invasions, 14(3), 619–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0103-y</p>
	<p>5. Desertlands-Foundation Kenya. (2018, January 31). Acacia: Answer to Climate Change,Economic Empowerment & Food Security in ASALs. Climate CoLab. https://www.climatecolab.org/contests/2017/exploring-synergistic-solutions-for-sustainable-development/phase/1318866/proposal/1334290</p>
	<p>6. Hayward, B. (2004). The Acacia tree: a sustainable resource for Africa. Forestry Research Programme. United Kingdom Department for International Development. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08cb2ed915d622c0014ef/ZF0173_-_Acacia_Book.pdf</p>
	~~<p>7. Kew Science, Royal Botanic Gardens (2020). Acacia Mill.: Plants of the World Online: Kew Science. Plants of the World Online. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325783-2.</p>~~
	<p>8. Murray, K., Impara, P., & Stephens, M. (1990). Reforestation in the Pacific Islands (pp. 135–136). Peace Corps ICE. http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0envl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL2.8.4&d=HASHb1669db516271d3af777f8.1&gt=2</p>
	~~<p>9. Mwove, J. (2020, June 29). A-Z of farming acacia trees for Gum Arabic. Nation Kenya. https://nation.africa/kenya/business/seeds-of-gold/a-z-of-farming-acacia-trees-for-gum-arabic-399530.</p>~~
	<p>10. Ogodo, O. (2009, August 28). Acacia tree can boost crops - and more - across Africa. SciDev.Net. https://www.scidev.net/global/farming/news/acacia-tree-can-boost-crops-and-more-across-africa.html.</p>
	<p>11. Pasternak, D., Nikiema, A., Haglund, E., & Ndjeunga, J. (2010) Keep Africa Covered Trees-based options to combat land degradation in the Sudano Sahel: A Contribution to the “Great Green Wall” of the Sahel Program. In Dia, A., & Duponnois, R. (Eds.), Le projet majeur africain de la Grande Muraille Verte: Concepts et mise en œuvre. IRD Éditions. doi:10.4000/books.irdeditions.2125</p>
	<p>12. Poschen, P. (1986). An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. Agroforest Syst 4, 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141545</p>
	~~<p>13. Seeds for Africa (2020) Acacias - Seeds for Africa. https://www.seedsforafrica.co.za/search?q=acacia.</p>~~
	<p>14. Thrall, P.H., Millsom, D.A., Jeavons, A.C., Waayers, M., Harvey, G.R., Bagnall, D.J. and Brockwell, J. (2005), Seed inoculation with effective root nodule bacteria enhances revegetation success. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42: 740-751. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01058.x</p>
	~~<p>15. Wickens, G. E. (1995). Role of Acacia species in the rural economy of dry Africa and the Near East. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. </p>~~

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5.45 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change

Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada

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Created page with "<div> <div class="title"><h3>5.45 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div> <div class="hero-img-2"> 300px <p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p> <p>Candido,J. (2022) Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change, In Farmpedia,..."

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<div class="title"><h3>5.45 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>
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<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
<p>Candido,J. (2022) Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change, In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
<h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>
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<p>During the formation of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, or CIAT, in 1967, headquartered in Colombia, the vast majority of starving and malnourished people residing in tropical and sub-tropical regions were smallholder farmers (CIAT, 2017). Thus, the goal of increasing yield potential became a primary priority for CIAT (CIAT, 2017). The current areas of concern are in regard to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production systems, the landscapes where its production occurs, and its yield potential (CIAT, 2015). Millions of farmers within Africa and Latin America depend on high yield outcomes from their bean crops not only to provide food but also to provide an income for themselves and their families. However, due to the high demand of the crop and the drastic effects of climate change, farmers continue to struggle to meet the needs of consumers (CIAT, 2015).</p>

<p>Throughout the previous several decades, the impacts of climate change have been worsening (IFPRI, 2009). Climate change projections state that regions in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean will be greatly affected by an increase of drought conditions and a rise in average annual temperatures. Due to these conditions, the threats to agricultural production within these land areas are escalating (IFPRI, 2009). Within these regions, the common bean is a staple crop; beans are often referred to as “the meat of the poor” (CIAT, 2016). They contain high levels of protein, fibre, vitamins and micronutrients. An estimated 400 million people residing in the tropics consume beans in their daily diet due to their high nutritional content (CIAT, 2016).</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Benefits of Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties to Small Scale Farmers </h3>
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<p>The world’s largest and most diverse collection of beans is preserved by CIAT (CIAT, 2015). Beans were domesticated within the neo-tropics thousands of years ago, which is where the majority of CIAT’s germplasm originated. With such an extensive range of beans available, the seed bank contains many options for farmers; a variety of colours, nutritional content, and production requirements can be found within these different strains (CIAT, 2015).</p>

<p>Within the previous 15 years, researchers at the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR), CIAT’s umbrella organization, have created incredible advances towards solving issues surrounding drought, and increasing the heat-tolerance and nutritional content levels within common bean varieties (CIAT, 2015). CIAT researchers have been able to identify lines that display a tolerance to a 3˚C increase in temperature. These lines derive from a variety of crosses between common and tepary bean species (Phaseolus acutifolius). Currently cultivated traditional bean varieties have been projected to suffer a 20-50% loss by 2050, whereas heat-tolerant bred beans are projected to suffer minimal losses within that same time period (CIAT, 2015).</p>

<p>In order for the new bean varieties to have drought resistant qualities, different traits from different genetic groups were required (Beebe, 2014). Many of the traits which are linked to drought resistance were found within both bean roots and shoots. In order to guarantee a higher success rate of the bean plant, a lengthy root system was required. Additionally, early maturation of the bean crops was a common tactic to combat drought tolerance. A total of 36 genotypes were tested in 2009 during a growing season with significant drought stress. Table 1 shows the field trial results of 5 genotypes grown under different field conditions (Beebe, 2014).</P>

<p>Table 1. Drought associated traits associated with improved bean genotypes </p>
[[File:Capture 672.JPG]]
<p>The crops were managed by the irrigation systems for up to 25 days following planting. In order to induce drought stress, the crops were fed a total of 105 mm of water initially followed by an allotted amount of 59 mm of rainwater. An analysis of these trials recommended that the most elite drought tolerant lines expressed heightened stomatal control of transpiration and contained Mexican genetics (Beebe, 2014).</p>

<p>Since 1996, The Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) has released over 550 new drought resistant bean varieties to many of the countries within Africa in co-ordination with assistance from CIAT (CIAT, 2016). Utilizing germplasm available, the new varieties of beans (known as BIO101 and BIO107) contain 60% more iron and 50% more zinc than those of traditional bean crops. Following the creation of these specially bred beans, a trial with pregnant and young women in Rwanda discovered that the new varieties of beans reduced iron-deficiency and increased immune system strength in each of the women (CIAT, 2016). With these new advances, PABRA will assist future production by making the crops more resilient to climate change threats while simultaneously targeting direct effects on the human population (CIAT, 2015).</p>

<p>The regions within Latin America, Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa contain the highest percentage of women participating in the agricultural sector. It is within these regions that 60% of the total agricultural production is completed by women (Huyer, 2016). In the world’s least developed regions, 79% of the women contributing to their national economy report that they work in the agriculture sector (Huyer, 2016). When women engage in the agricultural production (with new technologies such as heat-tolerant bean varieties) it creates a sense of empowerment and thus builds essential assets, which the women are then able to use in all other aspects of their lives (Muriel, 2019). With the climate change innovations available within common bean variety crops, female farmers are considered to be important influences (Huyer, 2016). When the women’s knowledge of available innovative resources and access to information increases, it establishes an increase in food supply as well as a more resilient community. Likewise, an attempt is made to close the gender gap, thus providing a higher chance for equal opportunities between both men and women (Huyer, 2016), which would in turn help to positively shape the future of those regions affected.</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Gender Issues Associated with Production of Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties </h3>
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<p>If the farmers, though especially female farmers, are not able to utilize and benefit from these new seed varieties, the food supply decreases and the gender gap increases, which diminishes the resiliency of the community (Huyer, 2016). Additionally, since very little information is available with regards to how poor regions with higher gender discrepancy respond to the threats and impacts of climate change within agricultural production, it is difficult to forecast results for future decades (Huyer, 2016).</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Production of Drought Tolerant Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) in Arid Regions </h3>
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<p>It is necessary that farmers are equipped with all of the relevant information required to achieve the highest quality results from their newly adapted bean varieties (PABRA, 2016). Becoming knowledgeable about land preparation, crop management and harvesting is vital to ensuring success within production systems. Integrated crop management (ICM) is a holistic approach utilized by PABRA that assists farmers throughout their cultivation. The desired outcome from ICM is to give smallholder farmers access to cost-effective, climate change resistant crops. This is achieved by working with many international partners. Multiple techniques exist within ICM such as pest management, soil quality, planting and intercropping. With such techniques, approximately six million farmers have been able to improve their bean yields. The ICM research encompasses a variety of areas:</p>
<p>- Cropping systems: Assessing the different varieties of beans while comparing the benefits of intercropping and rotation.</p>
<p>- Inputs: Evaluating the varieties of fertilisers available which are best suitable for the farmer’s chosen bean variety.</p>
<p>- Water Management: In order to combat the negative effects of climate change and drought, improved practices regarding irrigation and water conservation are fundamental. </p>
<p>- Soil Fertility: By working with the technologies available within the private sector, this promotes biological nitrogen fixation capabilities which increases yield potential.</p>
<p>- Pest and Disease Management: Bean varieties are frequently affected by an array of pests and diseases which have very negative effects on crop yields. PABRA analyses integrated pest management systems with utilization of both biological and chemical methods (PABRA, 2016).</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">Helpful Links to Get Started </h3>
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<p>Resource for Requesting Seeds:</p>
<p>https://genebank.ciat.cgiar.org/genebank/inforequestmaterial.do</p>
<p>CIAT innovations on heat-tolerant beans:</p>
<p>https://blog.ciat.cgiar.org/heat-tolerant-wild-beans-tapped-to-breed-commercial-beans-for-hotter-climates/</p>
<p>What is ‘Seed Security’?</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvqSaw49wnE</p>
<p>Agricultural Business Skills for seed-producers:</p>
<p>https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/54569/handbook_3_english.pdf</p>
<p>Crop Management:</p>
<p>https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/newsroom/features/?&cid=nrcs143_023350</p>
<p>Smallholder Farmers Stories Who Have Adopted Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties:</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2UqFbnOc6U</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3D3DiZ4I-8</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd4RS66FMJM&t=8s</p>
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<h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>
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<p>1. Beebe, S.E., et al. (2014) Common beans, biodiversity, and multiple stresses:
a. challenges of drought resistance in tropical soils. Crop and Pasture Science 65, 667-675. Retrieved from https://www.publish.csiro.au/cp/cp13303</p>
<p>2. Buruchara, R. (2011). Development and Delivery of Bean Varieties in Africa: The Pan-
a. African Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) Model, p.227-245. African Crop Science Journal. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/74168/64827</p>
<p>3. Huyer, S, et al. (2016). CCAFS Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy, p.8-11. The
a. Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/72900</p>
<p>4. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). (2009). Climate Change: Impact
a. on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. Retrieved from https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1Vpe0JvYTJYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&ots=Xmu2c8Swla&sig=GX4sDC1DiDa7I5408r0a3nz2sJo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</p>
<p>5. Muriel, J., et al. (2019). The Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index
a. (A-WEIA). Project Results for ‘His and Hers, Time and Income: How Intra Household Dynamics Impact Nutrition in Agricultural Households’. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/101141</p>
<p>6. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2015). Developing Beans that
a. Can Beat the Heat. The Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/articulos_ciat/biblioteca/DEVELOPING_BEANS_THAT_CAN_BEAT_THE_HEAT_lowres%20(2).pdf</p>
<p>7. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2016). Beans. Retrieved from
a. https://ciat.cgiar.org/what-we-do/breeding-better-crops/beans/.</p>
<p>8. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2017). Fifty Years and Fifty
a. Wins, p.4-18. The Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/89145/50_WINS_WEB02.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</p>