Chapters 5.33 - Revision history

Mamta: Replaced content with "{{Chapters 5.33}}"

2024-09-04T08:42:33Z

Replaced content with "{{Chapters 5.33}}"

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:42, 4 September 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~<div>~~		{{Chapters 5.33}}
	~~<div class="title"><h3>~~5.33 ~~-Adopting Tepary Bean to Combat Drought </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jacob Brough, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>~~
	~~<div class="hero-img-2">~~
	~~[[File:4.jpg\|300px]]~~
	~~<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>~~
	~~<p>Brough,J. (2022) Adopting Tepary Bean to Combat Drought , In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Background: Tepary Bean</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	<p>Tepary Bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) is an annual legume originating from the Tehuacán Valley in Mexico dating back 5000 years ago (Small, 2014). Indigenous peoples cultivated tepary bean for thousands of years, understanding its significance as a drought resistant crop in Mexico's arid climate. One tribe of native North Americans cultivated tepary bean to the point of being dubbed “The Bean People” (Small, 2014). Wild tepary bean forms weak herbaceous vines that cling to shrubs, trees or other forms of support and can grow up to 4 meters in length. Domesticated tepary bean is bushier and self standing. A domestic tepary bean plant will on average grow to a height of 12 to 30 inches and 20 inches in diameter.. The species has trifoliate leaves with slender leaflets. During flowering, tepary bean produces white or very light colored flowers.. The seeds are located in small pods, usually around 1.25 to 3 inches long and contain on average 2 to 7 seeds (Wolf, 2018). Individual seeds are on average 8 mm in length and 6 mm in width which is relatively small when compared to those of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris (Small, 2014). Tepary bean is also able to self pollinate. Wild tepary beans grow naturally across southern North America and Mexico. While domesticated tepary beans are transported and grown in dry arid countries around the world (Wolf, 2018).</p>
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Combating Drought</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	<p>The climate change impact that the adoption of tepary beans strives to solve is drought. Due to climate change, many African nations are experiencing “increases in temperatures and rainfall variability, and increased probability of extreme events such as droughts and flash floods” (Rurinda et al., 2014). Tepary bean is a highly resilient legume that contains “the potential to provide greater resilience to cope with the climate change challenge” (Jiri and Mafongoya, 2017) . This drought and heat tolerant legume is now cultivated mainly in hot, arid areas, particularly Arizona, New Mexico, and the Mexican states of Sonora and Sinaloa, mostly as a subsistence crop on small farms, but also with some commercial production (Small, 2014). African countries have also begun to implement this drought resistant crop into the semi-arid regions of tropical countries. Most other species of bean will fail in these areas. In Africa, tepary bean has become increasingly popular in the countries of Botswana, Kenya, Sudan and Uganda, as well as countries around the world suffering similar problems such as Australia, Burma and India (Small, 2014). This is due to the many drought resistant characteristics that Tepary bean holds over other members of the Phaseolus family.</p>
	<p>Tepary bean is among the most heat and drought resistant legume species that can be grown in climate change prone farming areas (Jiri and Mafongoya, 2016). As the world continues to be subjected to extreme temperatures, crops must be able to withstand the extremes of their environments. Tepary bean is able to withstand an average daily temperature of 30 degrees celsius whilst withstanding an average nightly temperature of 8 degrees celsius. In terms of rainfall, Tepary bean can grow in areas where annual rainfall is 400 mm to 1700 mm. However, when annual rainfall exceeds 1000 mm, the plants tend to grow vegetatively and produce less seed (Small, 2014). This is substantially less than the requirements for common bean at 350 mm to 500 mm of annual rainfall. Even though common bean survives best in humid conditions, it is subject to common fungi and bacterial blight. On the other hand tepary bean is quite resistant to common bacterial blight which affects common bean (Souter et al., 2017).</p>
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">How to Grow Tepary Bean</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	<p>To plant tepary bean without the use of equipment, one must plant one bean every 4 inches in rows that are 12 to 16 inches apart – simple pre-measured wooden sticks and a string can facilitate such spacing. Each bean must be planted 1 to 1.5 inches deep. Planting should be done at the beginning of the summer season (Wolf, 2018). Prior to planting, coating the beans in an inoculum with symbiotic rhizobia bacteria will promote nitrogen fixation. Tepary bean especially nodulates well with Rhizobium sp. strain R3254, fixing up to 260 kg N ha-1 (Jiri and Mafongoya, 2016). No special equipment or grueling labour is needed to plant tepary beans, allowing subsistence farmers to plant quite easily. For tepary bean light sandy soils are optimal whilst heavy clay and waterlogged soils are unsuitable. It is also resistant to soil salinity and mildly resistant to alkaline soils (Small, 2014). Tepary bean prefers soil with a potential pH level of 5.8 to 6.5 (Mandizvo et al., 2017), while it is still possible to grow in soils with levels ranging from 5.2 to 7.2, making it more resistant than common bean. Some subsistence farmers within Africa may have some sort of irrigation system, while many have no system at all. Tepary seed yields of 500–1000 kg/ha (450–900 pounds/acre) are commonly reported, but with supplemental irrigation, harvest weights exceeding 4600 kg/ha (4000 pounds/acre) have been reported (Small, 2014).</p>
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Nutrition</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	<p>The effects of tepary bean consumption in nutritional and health status are relatively similar to pulses indigenous to African regions. Tepary bean holds lower amounts of protein than cowpea and fava bean but are comparable to most grain legumes (Tinsley et al.,1985). This is very important to subsistence farmers who may not be able to access sufficient meat for protein</p>
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Cost effectiveness and accessibility</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	<p>With the average retail cost of tepary bean being $3.25 USD per 7 grams (approx 50 beans) and the GDP of Africa as a whole being $1,720, to minimize financial costs, a farmer can purchase a small number of seed in the first season and then multiply their own seeds for future years or exchange seeds with early adopting farmers on a loan basis. Farmer cooperatives or non governmental organizations could also assist with seed access and training. Farm Africa and One Acre Fund are only some examples. Working with NGOs to help subsistence farmers adopt tepary beans will make this beneficial crop more accessible to the poorest of small scale farmers. The links below are organizations to obtain seed from. A key limitation to adoption may be cultural, whether household members like the taste of the crop.</p>
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">Helpful Links to Get Started</h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	<p>Farm Africa is an organization that helps educate subsistence farmers to help them use their land in the best possible way. Whether that be for highest profit or for the highest yields. Helping farmers recover from droughts and floods. https://www.farmafrica.org/us/what-we-do/our-work</p>

	<p>One Acre Fund is an organization that looks to reduce the malnutrition in African farmers by helping increase possible yields for their crops and educating them on food nutrition. https://oneacrefund.org/what-we-do/farmers-first/</p>

	<p>Native Seeds Search: A nonprofit seed conservation organization located in Arizona. They produce drought resistant crops in the arid region of the southwest to provide aid to sustainable farming. https://www.nativeseeds.org/collections/tepary-beans#</p>

	<p>The Rancho Gordo-Xoxoc company: Helping small scale farmers in Mexico by buying their drought resistant crops and selling them online across the globe. https://www.ranchogordo.com/collections/heirloom-beans</p>
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~<div style="margin-top: 30px;">~~
	~~<h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>~~
	~~<div class="cont-bg">~~
	<p>1. Jiri, O., Mafongoya, P., & Chivenge, P. (2017). Climate smart crops for food and nutritional security for semi-arid zones of Zimbabwe. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 17(03), 12280–12294. doi: 10.18697/ajfand.79.16285 https://go-gale-com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA508201232&v=2.1&u=guel77241&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w</p>

	<p>2. Jiri, O., Mafongoya, P., (2016). Tepary Bean: A Climate Smart Crop for Food and Nutritional Security. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences, 06(03). doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000490 https://www.longdom.org/open-access/tepary-bean-a-climate-smart-crop-for-food-and-nutritional-security-2155-9600-1000490.pdf</p>

	<p>3. Mandizvo, T,. Ezekia, S,.Soropa, G,. Tsekenedza, S,. Ndowora, T,.Shepherd, M,. and Mashingaidze, A. (2017) Evaluation Of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Genotypes For Disease Tolerance Under Rain-Fed Conditions. Agriculture and Forestry 63: 97-108. https://doi.org/10.17707/agricultforest.63.3.10. https://search-proquest-com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/docview/1952385171?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo</p>

	<p>4. Rurinda, J., Mapfumo, P., Wijk, M. V., Mtambanengwe, F., Rufino, M., Chikowo, R., & Giller, K. (2014). Sources of vulnerability to a variable and changing climate among smallholder households in Zimbabwe: A participatory analysis. Climate Risk Management, 3, 65–78. doi: 10.1016/j.crm.2014.05.004 https://www-sciencedirect-com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/science/article/pii/S2212096314000229?via%3Dihub</p>

	<p>5. Small, E. (2014) Tepary Bean – an Ideal Arid Zone Crop. Biodiversity 15: 220–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2014.903203. https://journals-scholarsportal-info.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/pdf/14888386/v15i2-3/220_4tbaiazc.xml </p>

	<p>6. Souter, J. R., Gurusamy, V., Porch, T. G., & Bett, K. E. (2017). Successful Introgression of Abiotic Stress Tolerance from Wild Tepary Bean to Common Bean. Crop Science, 57(3), 1160. Doi: 10.2135/cropsci2016.10.0851 https://dl-sciencesocieties-org.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/publications/cs/abstracts/57/3/1160</p>

	<p>7. Wolf, M. 2018. Plant Guide for tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Tucson Plant Materials Center. Tucson, AZ 85705. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs-pg_phac.pdf</p>

	<p>8. Tinsley, A. M., J. C. Scheerens, J. O. Alegbejo, F. H. Adan, K. C. Krumhar, L. E. Butler, and M. J. Kopplin. (1995) Tepary Beans ( Phaseolus Acutifolius Var. Latifolius): a Potential Food Source for African and Middle Eastern Cultures. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01092124</p>

Mamta at 20:23, 1 July 2022

2022-07-01T20:23:50Z

Show changes

Mamta at 18:39, 1 July 2022

2022-07-01T18:39:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:39, 1 July 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	<div>		<div>
	<div class="title"><h3>5.30 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>		<div class="title"><h3>5.33 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>
	<div class="hero-img-2">		<div class="hero-img-2">
	[[File:4.jpg\|300px]]		[[File:4.jpg\|300px]]

Mamta: Created page with "

5.30 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change

Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada

300px
Suggested citation for this chapter.

Candido,J. (2022) Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change, In Farmpedia,..."

2022-07-01T18:39:45Z

Created page with "<div> <div class="title"><h3>5.30 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div> <div class="hero-img-2"> 300px <p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p> <p>Candido,J. (2022) Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change, In Farmpedia,..."

New page

<div>
<div class="title"><h3>5.30 -Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change </h3><br><h3 class="ch-owner">Jordan Candido, University of Guelph, Canada </h3></div>
<div class="hero-img-2">
[[File:4.jpg|300px]]
<p>Suggested citation for this chapter.</p>
<p>Candido,J. (2022) Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) Utilized to Overcome the Negative Effects of Climate Change, In Farmpedia, The Encyclopedia for Small Scale Farmers. Editor, M.N. Raizada, University of Guelph, Canada. http://www.farmpedia.org</p>
<h3 class="title-bg">Background</h3>
<div class="cont-bg">
<p>During the formation of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, or CIAT, in 1967, headquartered in Colombia, the vast majority of starving and malnourished people residing in tropical and sub-tropical regions were smallholder farmers (CIAT, 2017). Thus, the goal of increasing yield potential became a primary priority for CIAT (CIAT, 2017). The current areas of concern are in regard to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production systems, the landscapes where its production occurs, and its yield potential (CIAT, 2015). Millions of farmers within Africa and Latin America depend on high yield outcomes from their bean crops not only to provide food but also to provide an income for themselves and their families. However, due to the high demand of the crop and the drastic effects of climate change, farmers continue to struggle to meet the needs of consumers (CIAT, 2015).</p>

<p>Throughout the previous several decades, the impacts of climate change have been worsening (IFPRI, 2009). Climate change projections state that regions in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean will be greatly affected by an increase of drought conditions and a rise in average annual temperatures. Due to these conditions, the threats to agricultural production within these land areas are escalating (IFPRI, 2009). Within these regions, the common bean is a staple crop; beans are often referred to as “the meat of the poor” (CIAT, 2016). They contain high levels of protein, fibre, vitamins and micronutrients. An estimated 400 million people residing in the tropics consume beans in their daily diet due to their high nutritional content (CIAT, 2016).</p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
<h3 class="title-bg">Benefits of Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties to Small Scale Farmers </h3>
<div class="cont-bg">

<p>The world’s largest and most diverse collection of beans is preserved by CIAT (CIAT, 2015). Beans were domesticated within the neo-tropics thousands of years ago, which is where the majority of CIAT’s germplasm originated. With such an extensive range of beans available, the seed bank contains many options for farmers; a variety of colours, nutritional content, and production requirements can be found within these different strains (CIAT, 2015).</p>

<p>Within the previous 15 years, researchers at the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR), CIAT’s umbrella organization, have created incredible advances towards solving issues surrounding drought, and increasing the heat-tolerance and nutritional content levels within common bean varieties (CIAT, 2015). CIAT researchers have been able to identify lines that display a tolerance to a 3˚C increase in temperature. These lines derive from a variety of crosses between common and tepary bean species (Phaseolus acutifolius). Currently cultivated traditional bean varieties have been projected to suffer a 20-50% loss by 2050, whereas heat-tolerant bred beans are projected to suffer minimal losses within that same time period (CIAT, 2015).</p>

<p>In order for the new bean varieties to have drought resistant qualities, different traits from different genetic groups were required (Beebe, 2014). Many of the traits which are linked to drought resistance were found within both bean roots and shoots. In order to guarantee a higher success rate of the bean plant, a lengthy root system was required. Additionally, early maturation of the bean crops was a common tactic to combat drought tolerance. A total of 36 genotypes were tested in 2009 during a growing season with significant drought stress. Table 1 shows the field trial results of 5 genotypes grown under different field conditions (Beebe, 2014).</P>

<p>Table 1. Drought associated traits associated with improved bean genotypes </p>
[[File:Capture 672.JPG]]
<p>The crops were managed by the irrigation systems for up to 25 days following planting. In order to induce drought stress, the crops were fed a total of 105 mm of water initially followed by an allotted amount of 59 mm of rainwater. An analysis of these trials recommended that the most elite drought tolerant lines expressed heightened stomatal control of transpiration and contained Mexican genetics (Beebe, 2014).</p>

<p>Since 1996, The Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) has released over 550 new drought resistant bean varieties to many of the countries within Africa in co-ordination with assistance from CIAT (CIAT, 2016). Utilizing germplasm available, the new varieties of beans (known as BIO101 and BIO107) contain 60% more iron and 50% more zinc than those of traditional bean crops. Following the creation of these specially bred beans, a trial with pregnant and young women in Rwanda discovered that the new varieties of beans reduced iron-deficiency and increased immune system strength in each of the women (CIAT, 2016). With these new advances, PABRA will assist future production by making the crops more resilient to climate change threats while simultaneously targeting direct effects on the human population (CIAT, 2015).</p>

<p>The regions within Latin America, Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa contain the highest percentage of women participating in the agricultural sector. It is within these regions that 60% of the total agricultural production is completed by women (Huyer, 2016). In the world’s least developed regions, 79% of the women contributing to their national economy report that they work in the agriculture sector (Huyer, 2016). When women engage in the agricultural production (with new technologies such as heat-tolerant bean varieties) it creates a sense of empowerment and thus builds essential assets, which the women are then able to use in all other aspects of their lives (Muriel, 2019). With the climate change innovations available within common bean variety crops, female farmers are considered to be important influences (Huyer, 2016). When the women’s knowledge of available innovative resources and access to information increases, it establishes an increase in food supply as well as a more resilient community. Likewise, an attempt is made to close the gender gap, thus providing a higher chance for equal opportunities between both men and women (Huyer, 2016), which would in turn help to positively shape the future of those regions affected.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
<h3 class="title-bg">Gender Issues Associated with Production of Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties </h3>
<div class="cont-bg">
<p>If the farmers, though especially female farmers, are not able to utilize and benefit from these new seed varieties, the food supply decreases and the gender gap increases, which diminishes the resiliency of the community (Huyer, 2016). Additionally, since very little information is available with regards to how poor regions with higher gender discrepancy respond to the threats and impacts of climate change within agricultural production, it is difficult to forecast results for future decades (Huyer, 2016).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
<h3 class="title-bg">Production of Drought Tolerant Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) in Arid Regions </h3>
<div class="cont-bg">
<p>It is necessary that farmers are equipped with all of the relevant information required to achieve the highest quality results from their newly adapted bean varieties (PABRA, 2016). Becoming knowledgeable about land preparation, crop management and harvesting is vital to ensuring success within production systems. Integrated crop management (ICM) is a holistic approach utilized by PABRA that assists farmers throughout their cultivation. The desired outcome from ICM is to give smallholder farmers access to cost-effective, climate change resistant crops. This is achieved by working with many international partners. Multiple techniques exist within ICM such as pest management, soil quality, planting and intercropping. With such techniques, approximately six million farmers have been able to improve their bean yields. The ICM research encompasses a variety of areas:</p>
<p>- Cropping systems: Assessing the different varieties of beans while comparing the benefits of intercropping and rotation.</p>
<p>- Inputs: Evaluating the varieties of fertilisers available which are best suitable for the farmer’s chosen bean variety.</p>
<p>- Water Management: In order to combat the negative effects of climate change and drought, improved practices regarding irrigation and water conservation are fundamental. </p>
<p>- Soil Fertility: By working with the technologies available within the private sector, this promotes biological nitrogen fixation capabilities which increases yield potential.</p>
<p>- Pest and Disease Management: Bean varieties are frequently affected by an array of pests and diseases which have very negative effects on crop yields. PABRA analyses integrated pest management systems with utilization of both biological and chemical methods (PABRA, 2016).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
<h3 class="title-bg">Helpful Links to Get Started </h3>
<div class="cont-bg">
<p>Resource for Requesting Seeds:</p>
<p>https://genebank.ciat.cgiar.org/genebank/inforequestmaterial.do</p>
<p>CIAT innovations on heat-tolerant beans:</p>
<p>https://blog.ciat.cgiar.org/heat-tolerant-wild-beans-tapped-to-breed-commercial-beans-for-hotter-climates/</p>
<p>What is ‘Seed Security’?</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvqSaw49wnE</p>
<p>Agricultural Business Skills for seed-producers:</p>
<p>https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/54569/handbook_3_english.pdf</p>
<p>Crop Management:</p>
<p>https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/newsroom/features/?&cid=nrcs143_023350</p>
<p>Smallholder Farmers Stories Who Have Adopted Drought Tolerant Bean Varieties:</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2UqFbnOc6U</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3D3DiZ4I-8</p>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd4RS66FMJM&t=8s</p>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
<h3 class="title-bg">References </h3>
<div class="cont-bg">

<p>1. Beebe, S.E., et al. (2014) Common beans, biodiversity, and multiple stresses:
a. challenges of drought resistance in tropical soils. Crop and Pasture Science 65, 667-675. Retrieved from https://www.publish.csiro.au/cp/cp13303</p>
<p>2. Buruchara, R. (2011). Development and Delivery of Bean Varieties in Africa: The Pan-
a. African Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) Model, p.227-245. African Crop Science Journal. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/74168/64827</p>
<p>3. Huyer, S, et al. (2016). CCAFS Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy, p.8-11. The
a. Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/72900</p>
<p>4. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). (2009). Climate Change: Impact
a. on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. Retrieved from https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1Vpe0JvYTJYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&ots=Xmu2c8Swla&sig=GX4sDC1DiDa7I5408r0a3nz2sJo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</p>
<p>5. Muriel, J., et al. (2019). The Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index
a. (A-WEIA). Project Results for ‘His and Hers, Time and Income: How Intra Household Dynamics Impact Nutrition in Agricultural Households’. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/101141</p>
<p>6. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2015). Developing Beans that
a. Can Beat the Heat. The Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/articulos_ciat/biblioteca/DEVELOPING_BEANS_THAT_CAN_BEAT_THE_HEAT_lowres%20(2).pdf</p>
<p>7. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2016). Beans. Retrieved from
a. https://ciat.cgiar.org/what-we-do/breeding-better-crops/beans/.</p>
<p>8. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (2017). Fifty Years and Fifty
a. Wins, p.4-18. The Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/89145/50_WINS_WEB02.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</p>